Effect of tamoxifen on venous thromboembolic events in a breast cancer prevention trial

Background - Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen-receptor modulator, increases venous thromboembolic events (VTE), but the factors explaining this risk are unclear. Atherosclerosis may induce VTE, or the 2 conditions may share common risk factors. We assessed the effect of tamoxifen on VTE in a breast cancer prevention trial and studied its association with risk factors for VTE. Methods and Results - The incidence of VTE was studied in 5408 hysterectomized women randomly assigned to tamoxifen 20 mg/d or placebo for 5 years. There were 28 VTEs on placebo and 44 on tamoxifen therapy (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02 to 2.63), 80% of which were superficial phlebitis, accounting for all of the excess due to tamoxifen within 18 months from randomization. Compared with placebo, the risk of VTE on tamoxifen was higher in women aged 55 years or older, women with a body mass index greater than or equal to25 kg/m(2), elevated blood pressure, total cholesterol greater than or equal to250 mg/dL, current smoking, and a family history of coronary heart disease (CHD). Of the 685 women with a CHD risk score greater than or equal to5 who entered the trial, 1 in the placebo arm and 13 in the tamoxifen arm developed VTE (log-rank P = 0.0013). In multivariate regression analysis, age greater than or equal to60 years, height greater than or equal to165 cm, and diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to90 mm Hg had independent detrimental effects on VTE risk during tamoxifen therapy, whereas transdermal estrogen therapy concomitant with tamoxifen was not associated with any excess of VTE (HR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.23 to 1.82). Conclusions - Women with conventional risk factors for atherosclerosis have a higher risk of VTE during tamoxifen therapy. This information should be incorporated into counseling women on its risk-benefit ratio, particularly in the prevention setting.