The architecture of cognitive vulnerability to depressive symptoms in adolescence: A longitudinal network analysis study

Rates of subclinical symptoms and full-blown depression significantly increase during adolescence. Hence, understanding how multiple cognitive risk factors are related to depression in adolescence is of major importance. For this purpose, we simultaneously considered multiple cognitive vulnerabilities, as proposed by three major cognitive theories for depression, namely the Beck’s cognitive theory, the hopelessness theory, and the response style theory. METHODS In this four-wave study, we investigated the architecture and the stability of cognitive vulnerability mechanisms, depressive symptoms, and stressors in a large group of adolescents over a period of one year (n = 469; mean age = 15 years; 64% female). Network analysis was used to shed light on the structure of cognitive vulnerabilities in a data-driven fashion. RESULTS Analyses revealed that the different cognitive vulnerabilities were intertwined and automatic thoughts played the role of hub node in the network. Moreover, the interplay among cognitive vulnerabilities and depressive symptoms was already markedly stable in adolescence and did not change over 12-month time. Finally, no evidence was found that cognitive vulnerabilities interacted with stressors, as proposed by diathesis- stress models. DISCUSSION These findings advance our understanding of multiple cognitive risk factors for depression in adolescence, highlighting both proximal and distal factors for depressive symptoms in adolescence. CONCLUSION By adopting an innovative approach, we shed further light on the underlying structure of cognitive vulnerability factors in depression.