First freshwater coralline alga and the role of local features in a major biome transition

Coralline red algae are significant components of sea bottom and up to now considered as exclusively marine species. Here we presentthe first coralline alga from a freshwater environment, found in theCetina River (Adriatic Sea watershed).The alga is fully adapted to freshwater, as attested by reproductive structures, sporelings, and an inability to survive brackish conditions. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses revealthe species belongs to Pneophyllum and is described as P. cetinaensis sp. nov.The marine-freshwatertransition most probably occurred during the last glaciation. The brackish-water ancestor was preadapted to osmotic stress and rapid changes in water salinity and temperature.The particular characteristics ofthe karst Cetina River, such as hard water enriched with dissolved calcium carbonate and a pH similarto the marine environment, favoured colonization ofthe river by a marine species.The upstream advance and dispersal is facilitated by exceptionally pronounced zoochory by freshwater gastropods. Pneophyllum cetinaensis defies the paradigm of Corallinales as an exclusively marine group.