Cells and tissues respond to environmental forces transducing them into biochemical signals. This cellular property has induced a large interest in biomedical area to study the possibility of using cell (or tissue) mechanical properties (e.g., their stiffness) as a marker for early diagnosis of pathologies or as trigger point to modulate cell/tissue behavior via new, ad hoc designed, prosthetic materials. In this thesis work I have shown that AFM could represent an excellent tool to evaluate the mechanical properties of different cellular systems. In particular, I have studied the biomechanics in the onset of calcific aortic valve disease, in the tumor associated p53 missense mutants and in myogenesis. Calcific aortic valve disease is the most common cardiomyopathy and is the main cause of aortic stenosis. The primary driver for valvular calcification is the differentiation of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) into a disease-associated phenotype. Another characteristic of this disease is the significant change in the organization, composition and mechanical properties of the ECM that beside being the result of the dysfunction of the valve cells. In this context, I have initially investigated on the variation of mechanical and morphological properties in hVICs when grown on flat polyacrylamide gels at different stiffness. I performed this task using both AFM force spectroscopy and molecular biology essays. My results show that there is a strong direct dependence of cellular rigidity by that of the underlying substrate, resembling a sort of flat matrix. In addition, I observed that inhibition of Rho kinase will result in a preclusion of actin polymerization followed by a reduced cellular stiffness and YAP activation. I have performed the same AFM characterisation on a more complex experimental model that involves thin sections of explanted stenotic calcific human valves. After this, I moved my studies on the effect of a nanostructured extra-cellular matrix like substrate could have on VICs. I did that taking advantage of multi-walled CNTs carpets grown on glass slides above which I subsequently seeded porcine Valvular Interstitial cells. Initially I performed a morphological characterization pointing out that CNTs have a positive effect on pVICs, in particular the myofibroblat percentage in VICs developed above CNTs is similar to that of a healthy valve. I performed cell stiffness measurements via AFM and I discovered that myofibroblast stiffness is not significantly altered by CNTs. I associated this result to the low density of focal adhesions expressed on these cells by the nanostructures substrate. At this point I could hypothesize that CNTs, piercing and pinching the plasma membrane, are able to facilitate the creation of clusters of FAs that, at the very end, will increase the cellular rigidity. Subsequently, I focused my studies to the mechanobiology of tumor associated p53 mutants. In this part of my work I studied the cellular processes and biochemical pathways stabilizing mutant p53 cells. I performed an AFM force spectroscopy characterization of cells after treatment with different drugs and I confirmed a stiffness reduction in treated cells determined by an actin de-polymerization process and a reduction of p53 levels. Following, I studied the same process in a ex vivo model taking advantage of AFM nano-indentation procedure. At the end of my thesis, I have characterized a new HELP family polypeptide, HELPc, synthetized at the University of Trieste. By characterizing HELPc coating and hydrogel via AFM imaging. Following, HELPc was used as a substrate for C2C12 myoblasts growth. The results showed that the addition of a sequence to from the α2 isoform of collagen type IV, containing to RGD motives, determines an improve of cells activity by combining several methods, as immunofluorescence, Atomic Force Microscopy and Ca2+ imaging.

Cellule e tessuti rispondono alle force ambientali tramutandole in segnali biochimici. Questa proprietà cellulare ha indotto un largo interesse nell'area biochimica a studiare la possibilità di usare le proprietà meccaniche come un marker per la diagnosi precoce di malattie e per controllare il destino cellulare attraverso l'utilizzo di nuovi materiali prostetici. In questa tesi io ha mostrato che l'AFM può essere un eccellente strumento per valutare le proprietà meccaniche di differenti sistemi cellulari. In particolare io ho studiato la biomeccanica nella calcificazione della valvola aortica (CAVD), nel tumore associato alle mutazioni missenso di p53 a nella miogenesi. CAVD è la più comune cardiomiopatia ed è la causa della stenosi aortica. La principale causa per la calcificazione aortica è la differenziazione delle cellule valvolari interstiziali nel fenotipo patologico. L'altra caratteristica è il cambiamento dell'organizzazione, composizione eproprietà meccaniche della matrice che porta alla disfunzione valvolare. In questo contesto io ho studiato le proprietà biomeccaniche e molecolari delle cellula valvolari interstiziali umane e porcine cresciute su substrati lisci, ma a diversa stiffness e su nanotubi di carbonio che simulano la morfologia della matrice, rispettivamente. Successivamente, ho focalizzato i miei studi sulla meccanobiologia dei mutanti p53 associati ai tumori. In questa parte del mio lavoro ho studiato i processi cellulari e i percorsi biochimici che stabilizzano le cellule mutanti di p53. Ho eseguito una caratterizzazione della spettroscopia di forza AFM delle cellule dopo il trattamento con diversi farmaci e ho confermato una riduzione della rigidità nelle cellule trattate determinata da un processo di de-polimerizzazione dell'actina e una riduzione dei livelli di p53. In seguito, ho studiato lo stesso processo in un modello ex vivo sfruttando la procedura di nano-indentazione AFM. Alla fine della mia tesi, ho caratterizzato un nuovo polipeptide della famiglia HELP, HELPc, sintetizzato all'Università di Trieste tramite AFM imaging.In seguito, HELPc è stato utilizzato come substrato per la crescita di mioblasti C2C12. I risultati hanno mostrato che l'aggiunta di una sequenza all'isoforma di α2 di collagene di tipo IV, contenente motivi RGD, determina un miglioramento dell'attività cellulare combinando diversi metodi, come l'immunofluorescenza, la microscopia a forza atomica e l'imaging Ca2 +.

Mechanobiology and mechanotransduction in propathological cellular system / ULLOA SEVERINO, Luisa. - (2018 Feb 28).

Mechanobiology and mechanotransduction in propathological cellular system

ULLOA SEVERINO, LUISA
2018-02-28

Abstract

Cells and tissues respond to environmental forces transducing them into biochemical signals. This cellular property has induced a large interest in biomedical area to study the possibility of using cell (or tissue) mechanical properties (e.g., their stiffness) as a marker for early diagnosis of pathologies or as trigger point to modulate cell/tissue behavior via new, ad hoc designed, prosthetic materials. In this thesis work I have shown that AFM could represent an excellent tool to evaluate the mechanical properties of different cellular systems. In particular, I have studied the biomechanics in the onset of calcific aortic valve disease, in the tumor associated p53 missense mutants and in myogenesis. Calcific aortic valve disease is the most common cardiomyopathy and is the main cause of aortic stenosis. The primary driver for valvular calcification is the differentiation of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) into a disease-associated phenotype. Another characteristic of this disease is the significant change in the organization, composition and mechanical properties of the ECM that beside being the result of the dysfunction of the valve cells. In this context, I have initially investigated on the variation of mechanical and morphological properties in hVICs when grown on flat polyacrylamide gels at different stiffness. I performed this task using both AFM force spectroscopy and molecular biology essays. My results show that there is a strong direct dependence of cellular rigidity by that of the underlying substrate, resembling a sort of flat matrix. In addition, I observed that inhibition of Rho kinase will result in a preclusion of actin polymerization followed by a reduced cellular stiffness and YAP activation. I have performed the same AFM characterisation on a more complex experimental model that involves thin sections of explanted stenotic calcific human valves. After this, I moved my studies on the effect of a nanostructured extra-cellular matrix like substrate could have on VICs. I did that taking advantage of multi-walled CNTs carpets grown on glass slides above which I subsequently seeded porcine Valvular Interstitial cells. Initially I performed a morphological characterization pointing out that CNTs have a positive effect on pVICs, in particular the myofibroblat percentage in VICs developed above CNTs is similar to that of a healthy valve. I performed cell stiffness measurements via AFM and I discovered that myofibroblast stiffness is not significantly altered by CNTs. I associated this result to the low density of focal adhesions expressed on these cells by the nanostructures substrate. At this point I could hypothesize that CNTs, piercing and pinching the plasma membrane, are able to facilitate the creation of clusters of FAs that, at the very end, will increase the cellular rigidity. Subsequently, I focused my studies to the mechanobiology of tumor associated p53 mutants. In this part of my work I studied the cellular processes and biochemical pathways stabilizing mutant p53 cells. I performed an AFM force spectroscopy characterization of cells after treatment with different drugs and I confirmed a stiffness reduction in treated cells determined by an actin de-polymerization process and a reduction of p53 levels. Following, I studied the same process in a ex vivo model taking advantage of AFM nano-indentation procedure. At the end of my thesis, I have characterized a new HELP family polypeptide, HELPc, synthetized at the University of Trieste. By characterizing HELPc coating and hydrogel via AFM imaging. Following, HELPc was used as a substrate for C2C12 myoblasts growth. The results showed that the addition of a sequence to from the α2 isoform of collagen type IV, containing to RGD motives, determines an improve of cells activity by combining several methods, as immunofluorescence, Atomic Force Microscopy and Ca2+ imaging.
28-feb-2018
SCAINI, DENIS
30
2016/2017
Settore FIS/03 - Fisica della Materia
Università degli Studi di Trieste
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11368/2919813
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