Normal hearing function (NHF) and its decline with age (Age-Related Hearing Loss, or ARHL) are influenced by both environmental and genetic factors, but which exactly the involved genes are is still unclear. With the ageing of world population, and the heavy socioeconomic impact of ARHL, the relevance of a detailed knowledge of the genetic inner workings behind these traits is rising. This thesis has two aims: 1) the identification of new genes playing a role in NHF and in ARHL by using GWAS methodology on cohorts with a different phenotyping approach to hearing (pure-tone audiometry and speech-in-noise test); 2) the assessment of the possibility of cross-replication of the results. NHF was described with audiometric data with single hearing thresholds or their average value across specific frequencies [Pure-Tone Averages (PTA Low: 250, 500, 1KHz; PTA Medium: 500, 1K, 2KHz; PTA High: 4K, 8KHz)]; ARHL was represented in subjects aged 50+ with a case-control definition based on PTAH. Using speech-in-noise test data, after the calculation of the speech reception threshold (SRT), NHF was represented by the full variation of SRT (phenotype A), and ARHL by the extremes of SRT distribution in subjects aged 50+ (phenotype B). Gene discovery on NHF and ARHL with audiometric data was performed through GWAS meta-analyses on ten cohorts belonging to G-EAR consortium and coming from Italy, Northern Europe, North America, Caucasus and Central Asia. Overall 9000 subjects aged 18+ with detailed clinical characterisation and full audiometric data were available. A subset of 5745 individuals was suitable for ARHL meta-analyses. The ~200,000 volunteers sampled by UK Biobank were used for gene discovery on NHF and ARHL with speech-in-noise data. Due to technical limitations, only phenotype B was tested genome-wide. Replication of the results on NHF and ARHL from G-EAR analyses was sought in UK Biobank in phenotypes A and B respectively. Replication of the results from phenotype B was sought in G-EAR’s analyses on ARHL. Strongly suggestive association signals (p <10-6 and same direction of effect in all cohorts) with NHF traits were detected in G-EAR analyses near or within CADM2 (250Hz), SLC7A2, CALB1, LRRC4C, CAAP1, PLXDC2 (1KHz), and ROBO2 (PTAL). For CADM2, CALB1, LRRC4C and ROBO2 in particular, literature provides strong evidence supporting their involvement in the hearing system. Furthermore, a genome-wide significant association (p <5*10-8) was found between PTAM and HLA genes. As regards ARHL, association signals were detected with CHD13 and CTIF genes, linked in literature to other hearing traits. In the GWAS performed on phenotype B in UK Biobank data, a genome-wide significant signal was detected with D2HGDH gene and a suggestive association with PDE1A gene. As the cross-replication of signals between studies was not successful, results will follow traditional replication in independent cohorts with identical phenotypes. In vitro/in vivo studies will clarify the role of the identified genes in the modulation of the hearing function and in the etiopathogenesis of age-related hearing loss.

La funzione uditiva (Normal Hearing Function - NHF) e il suo declino dovuto all’età (la presbiacusia, o Age-Related Hearing Loss - ARHL) sono influenzati sia da fattori ambientali che da fattori genetici, ma quali siano esattamente i geni coinvolti è una questione ancora aperta. Con l’invecchiamento della popolazione mondiale, e il pesante impatto socioeconomico dell’ARHL, sta diventando sempre più importante acquisire una conoscenza dettagliata delle basi genetiche che stanno dietro a questi tratti. Questa tesi ha due obiettivi: 1) l’identificazione di nuovi geni coinvolti nella NHF e nell’ARHL mediante l’uso della metodologia GWAS su coorti con un diverso approccio alla raccolta del fenotipo uditivo (audiometria e test speech-in-noise); 2) la valutazione della possibilità di una replica incrociata dei risultati ottenuti. La NHF è stata descritta a partire dai dati audiometrici facendo uso delle singole soglie uditive o del loro valore medio su specifiche frequenze [Medie di toni puri (Pure Tone Averages) alle basse, medie ed alte frequenze (PTA Low: 250, 500, 1KHz; PTA Medium: 500, 1K, 2KHz; PTA High: 4K, 8KHz)]; l’ARHL è stata rappresentata nei soggetti di almeno 50 anni di età mediante una definizione basata sul loro valore di PTAH. Facendo uso dei dati provenienti dal test speech-in-noise, dopo aver calcolato la soglia di ricezione del parlato (speech reception threshold – SRT), la NHF è stata rappresentata con la variazione totale dell’SRT (fenotipo A), e l’ARHL con gli estremi della distribuzione dell’SRT nei soggetti di almeno 50 anni di età. L’individuazione di geni per la NHF e l’ARHL mediante dati audiometrici è stata effettuata mediante una meta-analisi GWAS su dieci coorti facenti parte del consorzio G-EAR e provenienti da Italia, Nord Europa, Nord America, Caucaso e Asia Centrale. Per lo scopo erano disponibili complessivamente 9000 soggetti di almeno 18 anni di età con una dettagliata caratterizzazione clinica e audiometrica. Un sottoinsieme di 5745 individui è stato utilizzato nelle meta-analisi sull’ARHL. I circa 200.000 volontari campionati da UK Biobank sono stati usati per l’individuazione di geni per la NHF e ARHL mediante dati provenienti dal test speech-in-noise. A causa di limitazioni tecniche, solo il fenotipo B è stato impiegato. La replica dei risultati su NHF e ARHL provenienti dalle analisi su G-EAR è stata ricercata in UK Biobank nei fenotipi A e B rispettivamente. La replica dei risultati ottenuti usando il fenotipo B è stata ricercata nelle analisi effettuate in G-EAR sull’ARHL. Segnali di associazione fortemente indicativi (p < 10-6 e la stessa direzione degli effetti in tutte le coorti) con i tratti della NHF sono stati individuati nelle analisi G-EAR vicino o entro CADM2 (250Hz), SLC7A2, CALB1, LRRC4C, CAAP1, PLXDC2 (1KHz), e ROBO2 (PTAL). Per CADM2, CALB1, LRRC4C and ROBO2 in particolare, la letteratura fornisce una robusta evidenza a supporto del loro coinvolgimento nel sistema uditivo. In aggiunta, un’associazione significativa genome-wide (p <5*10-8) è stata individuata tra PTAM e geni della regione dell’HLA. Per quanto riguarda l’ARHL, segnali di associazione sono stati individuati con i geni CHD13 e CTIF, già collegati in letteratura ad altri tratti uditivi. Nel GWAS sul fenotipo B eseguito sui dati di UK Biobank, un’associazione significativa genome-wide è emersa con il gene D2HGDH mentre un’associazione indicative con PDE1A. Dal momento che la replica incrociata dei segnali ottenuti non ha avuto successo, i risultati seguiranno una replica tradizionale in coorti indipendenti con gli stessi fenotipi. Ulteriori studi In vitro/in vivo chiariranno il ruolo dei geni identificati nella modulazione della funzione uditiva e nell'eziopatogenesi della presbiacusia.

HIGH-THROUGHPUT DATA ANALYSIS OF HEARING PHENOTYPES ON 9000 SUBJECTS FROM TEN COHORTS AND IN 200.000 INDIVIDUALS FROM UK BIOBANK / Brumat, Marco. - (2020 Mar 20).

HIGH-THROUGHPUT DATA ANALYSIS OF HEARING PHENOTYPES ON 9000 SUBJECTS FROM TEN COHORTS AND IN 200.000 INDIVIDUALS FROM UK BIOBANK

BRUMAT, MARCO
2020-03-20

Abstract

Normal hearing function (NHF) and its decline with age (Age-Related Hearing Loss, or ARHL) are influenced by both environmental and genetic factors, but which exactly the involved genes are is still unclear. With the ageing of world population, and the heavy socioeconomic impact of ARHL, the relevance of a detailed knowledge of the genetic inner workings behind these traits is rising. This thesis has two aims: 1) the identification of new genes playing a role in NHF and in ARHL by using GWAS methodology on cohorts with a different phenotyping approach to hearing (pure-tone audiometry and speech-in-noise test); 2) the assessment of the possibility of cross-replication of the results. NHF was described with audiometric data with single hearing thresholds or their average value across specific frequencies [Pure-Tone Averages (PTA Low: 250, 500, 1KHz; PTA Medium: 500, 1K, 2KHz; PTA High: 4K, 8KHz)]; ARHL was represented in subjects aged 50+ with a case-control definition based on PTAH. Using speech-in-noise test data, after the calculation of the speech reception threshold (SRT), NHF was represented by the full variation of SRT (phenotype A), and ARHL by the extremes of SRT distribution in subjects aged 50+ (phenotype B). Gene discovery on NHF and ARHL with audiometric data was performed through GWAS meta-analyses on ten cohorts belonging to G-EAR consortium and coming from Italy, Northern Europe, North America, Caucasus and Central Asia. Overall 9000 subjects aged 18+ with detailed clinical characterisation and full audiometric data were available. A subset of 5745 individuals was suitable for ARHL meta-analyses. The ~200,000 volunteers sampled by UK Biobank were used for gene discovery on NHF and ARHL with speech-in-noise data. Due to technical limitations, only phenotype B was tested genome-wide. Replication of the results on NHF and ARHL from G-EAR analyses was sought in UK Biobank in phenotypes A and B respectively. Replication of the results from phenotype B was sought in G-EAR’s analyses on ARHL. Strongly suggestive association signals (p <10-6 and same direction of effect in all cohorts) with NHF traits were detected in G-EAR analyses near or within CADM2 (250Hz), SLC7A2, CALB1, LRRC4C, CAAP1, PLXDC2 (1KHz), and ROBO2 (PTAL). For CADM2, CALB1, LRRC4C and ROBO2 in particular, literature provides strong evidence supporting their involvement in the hearing system. Furthermore, a genome-wide significant association (p <5*10-8) was found between PTAM and HLA genes. As regards ARHL, association signals were detected with CHD13 and CTIF genes, linked in literature to other hearing traits. In the GWAS performed on phenotype B in UK Biobank data, a genome-wide significant signal was detected with D2HGDH gene and a suggestive association with PDE1A gene. As the cross-replication of signals between studies was not successful, results will follow traditional replication in independent cohorts with identical phenotypes. In vitro/in vivo studies will clarify the role of the identified genes in the modulation of the hearing function and in the etiopathogenesis of age-related hearing loss.
20-mar-2020
GIROTTO, GIORGIA
32
2018/2019
Settore MED/03 - Genetica Medica
Università degli Studi di Trieste
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11368/2961245
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