The spread of alien invasive species (IAS) is occurring at unprecedented rates, causing strong impacts on ecosystems. Indeed, IAS are deemed one of the major causes of loss of biodiversity and habitat simplification worldwide. In this light, finding determinants of invasiveness has become an uprising research topic in plant ecology. Such features are generally described in terms of ‘functional traits’, i.e. morphological, physiological, or phenological characteristics which are measurable at the individual level from the cell to the whole-organism. The research activities described in this Thesis, aimed at highlighting which traits and associated functions might be at the basis on the invasion process, by measuring common functional traits as well as mechanistic traits (with clearer linkage to a physiological function) on a large number of species. Despite the large use of traits, there are still some critical issues to be solved in trait-based ecology. In the first part of this Thesis, I provided an analysis of the intraspecific variability of two model traits and I suggested a minimum and optimal sampling size to measure functional traits with a desired level of precision and accuracy (Study 1). Mechanistic traits have been seldom included in trait-based studies, because of difficult and time-expensive procedures for their measurement. In this light, in Study 2 I proposed a simplified framework for the measurement of leaf turgor loss point, a key mechanistic trait related to drought resistance. After addressing these methodological issues, in the second part of this Thesis I focused my research activities on Ailanthus altissima (Aa), which is one of the most invasive species in Europe. In Study 3, I compared functional and mechanistic traits of Aa Fraxinus ornus (competing Aa in the same areas). The superior fitness of Aa might be related to its lower resistance to drought stress, which was counterbalanced by higher water transport efficiency. I also detected larger phenotypic plasticity of Aa in response to light availability and I wondered whether this feature was also present in individuals growing in its native range (China). The comparison between individuals of Aa growing in its exotic vs native range (Study 4) suggested that novel features related to turgor loss adjustment and the higher plasticity in traits related to leaf-construction costs could increase Aa fitness in response to different environmental conditions in its invasive range. To test whether the features described for Aa were shared by other IAS, I analysed several functional and mechanistic traits related to resource acquisition, with special reference to water-use strategies, on a large number of herbaceous and woody species (78 native and 15 invasive species) (Study 5). Results showed that IAS were characterised by traits that favour fast-growth, independently of growth form or habitats features. IAS consistently shared lower drought resistance and denser venation network, which are mechanistic traits directly influencing leaf construction costs and photosynthetic and growth rates. The coordination between construction costs, drought resistance and photosynthesis-related traits, suggested that IAS outperform native species due to higher potential for carbon gain and biomass accumulation, while sharing similar or higher levels of water-use efficiency. In conclusion, mechanistic traits could provide novel insight in the mechanisms underlying plant invasion. Novel techniques recently developed could allow the measurement of such traits on a wide number of species with reduced cost. Widening the scale of the analyses provided in this Thesis might help in the definition of the ‘Spectrum of functions associated to plant invasion’.

Le specie aliene invasive (IAS) si stanno diffondendo a velocità sempre più elevata, con effetti molto negative a livello degli ecosistemi. Infatti, le IAS sono considerate una della maggiori cause della perdita di biodiversità e semplificazione degli habitat a livello globale. Di conseguenza, uno dei più grandi obiettivi in campo ecologico è quello di evidenziare le caratteristiche che ne favoriscono la diffusione. Quest’ ultime sono generalmente descritte dai ‘tratti funzionali’, definiti come caratteristiche morfologiche, fisiologiche o fenologiche, misurabili in un individuo dal livello cellulare sino a quello organismico. Lo scopo principale di questa Tesi è di evidenziare i tratti funzionali e meccanicistici (cioè tratti chiaramente associati a specifiche funzioni fisiologiche) alla base del processo di invasione. Nonostante il largo uso dei tratti funzionali, esistono ancora delle questioni parzialmente risolte riguardanti i metodi di misura. Nella prima parte di questa Tesi, ho quantificato la variabilità intraspecifica di due tratti modello, nell’ottica di definire un minimo e adeguato numero di repliche per misurare i tratti funzionali con una certa accuratezza e precisione (Studio 1). I tratti meccanicistici sono stati scarsamente utilizzati in campo ecologico, probabilmente perché la loro misura spesso richiede procedure difficili e molto lunghe. In questo senso, nello Studio 2 ho proposto un metodo semplificato per misurare il punto di perdita del turgore cellulare, un tratto meccanicistico direttamente associato alla resistenza all’aridità. Dopo aver cercato di trovare una risposta a domande di natura metodologica, ho concentrato le attività di ricerca su una delle più diffuse specie invasive, Ailanthus altissima (Aa). Nello Studio 3, ho confrontato tratti funzionali e meccanicistici di Aa e Fraxinus ornus (Fo) (che competono nelle stesse aree). La maggiore fitness associata ad Aa può essere legata alla sua bassa resistenza all’aridità, che è però controbilanciata da una alta efficienza di trasporto dell’acqua. In più, Aa ha mostrato una maggiore plasticità fenotipica di Fo in risposta a differenti condizioni di irraggiamento e nello studio 4 ho testato se questa sia una caratteristica presente anche nell’areale nativo di Aa (Cina). Tale studio dimostra che diverse modalità di aggiustamento del punto di perdita di turgore e una maggiore plasticità dei tratti legati ai costi di produzione delle foglie, possono essere alla base della maggiore fitness di Aa nel suo areale invasivo. Al fine di testare se i tratti descritti in Aa fossero condivisi da altre IAS, ho esteso l’analisi di tratti funzionali e meccanicistici su un più alto numero di specie (78 native e 15 IAS) sia erbacee che legnose (Studio 5). I risultati dimostrano che le IAS possiedono tratti che favoriscono una rapida crescita, indipendentemente dalla forma di crescita (erbacea o legnosa). Nello specifico, le IAS sembrano condividere una bassa resistenza all’aridità e una maggiore densità di venature fogliari, che influenzano i costi di produzione delle foglie e i tassi di crescita e di fotosintesi. Il coordinamento tra costi di produzione, livello di resistenza all’aridità e tratti legati alla fotosintesi può suggerire che la superiorità delle IAS possa dipendere da un maggiore capacità di accumulare biomassa pur con una simile o maggiore efficienza dell’uso dell’acqua. In conclusione, i tratti meccanicistici possono fornire nuove informazioni sui meccanismi alla base del processo di invasione delle IAS. Le nuove tecniche sviluppate per la loro misura potrebbero permettere di aumentare il numero di specie su cui misurare tratti meccanicistici riducendone i costi associati. La possibilità di generalizzare i pattern visti in questa Tesi ad una scala più ampia potrebbe infine portare alla definizione di un generale ‘Spettro di funzioni associate al processo di invasione’.

Functional traits as a tool to predict invasive potential of alien species in native communities / Petruzzellis, Francesco. - (2019 Mar 22).

Functional traits as a tool to predict invasive potential of alien species in native communities

PETRUZZELLIS, FRANCESCO
2019-03-22

Abstract

The spread of alien invasive species (IAS) is occurring at unprecedented rates, causing strong impacts on ecosystems. Indeed, IAS are deemed one of the major causes of loss of biodiversity and habitat simplification worldwide. In this light, finding determinants of invasiveness has become an uprising research topic in plant ecology. Such features are generally described in terms of ‘functional traits’, i.e. morphological, physiological, or phenological characteristics which are measurable at the individual level from the cell to the whole-organism. The research activities described in this Thesis, aimed at highlighting which traits and associated functions might be at the basis on the invasion process, by measuring common functional traits as well as mechanistic traits (with clearer linkage to a physiological function) on a large number of species. Despite the large use of traits, there are still some critical issues to be solved in trait-based ecology. In the first part of this Thesis, I provided an analysis of the intraspecific variability of two model traits and I suggested a minimum and optimal sampling size to measure functional traits with a desired level of precision and accuracy (Study 1). Mechanistic traits have been seldom included in trait-based studies, because of difficult and time-expensive procedures for their measurement. In this light, in Study 2 I proposed a simplified framework for the measurement of leaf turgor loss point, a key mechanistic trait related to drought resistance. After addressing these methodological issues, in the second part of this Thesis I focused my research activities on Ailanthus altissima (Aa), which is one of the most invasive species in Europe. In Study 3, I compared functional and mechanistic traits of Aa Fraxinus ornus (competing Aa in the same areas). The superior fitness of Aa might be related to its lower resistance to drought stress, which was counterbalanced by higher water transport efficiency. I also detected larger phenotypic plasticity of Aa in response to light availability and I wondered whether this feature was also present in individuals growing in its native range (China). The comparison between individuals of Aa growing in its exotic vs native range (Study 4) suggested that novel features related to turgor loss adjustment and the higher plasticity in traits related to leaf-construction costs could increase Aa fitness in response to different environmental conditions in its invasive range. To test whether the features described for Aa were shared by other IAS, I analysed several functional and mechanistic traits related to resource acquisition, with special reference to water-use strategies, on a large number of herbaceous and woody species (78 native and 15 invasive species) (Study 5). Results showed that IAS were characterised by traits that favour fast-growth, independently of growth form or habitats features. IAS consistently shared lower drought resistance and denser venation network, which are mechanistic traits directly influencing leaf construction costs and photosynthetic and growth rates. The coordination between construction costs, drought resistance and photosynthesis-related traits, suggested that IAS outperform native species due to higher potential for carbon gain and biomass accumulation, while sharing similar or higher levels of water-use efficiency. In conclusion, mechanistic traits could provide novel insight in the mechanisms underlying plant invasion. Novel techniques recently developed could allow the measurement of such traits on a wide number of species with reduced cost. Widening the scale of the analyses provided in this Thesis might help in the definition of the ‘Spectrum of functions associated to plant invasion’.
22-mar-2019
NARDINI, Andrea
BACARO, Giovanni
31
2017/2018
Settore BIO/03 - Botanica Ambientale e Applicata
Università degli Studi di Trieste
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11368/2962384
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