Estuaries are complex aquatic systems at the land-sea interface where the interaction between different water masses leads to strong physico-chemical gradients. Before reaching the coastal zone, the river-transported material must pass through the estuarine environment. In this context, estuaries act as a filter for the freshwater inputs of both dissolved and particulate components. The original river-transported original signals can then emerge from the mixing zone in a form which has been notably modified with respect to that which entered the estuarine system. Trace element distribution, mobility and fate heavily depends on the physical, geochemical and biological processes occurring in the estuarine mixing zone, which also affect the equilibria between solid and dissolved phases. The study of trace element phase partitioning is essential to gain a thorough knowledge of their natural cycles, although significant alterations may be due to the high anthropogenic pressure that often affects estuarine environments. This research includes two main topics. The first concerns trace element (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) phase partitioning in the main estuarine environments of the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic Sea). In detail, estuarine water samples were collected at the Isonzo/Soča, Timavo/Reka, Rižana and Dragonja River mouths under different seasonal conditions and size fractionation allowed for the isolation of three fractions: suspended particulate matter, colloidal material and the truly dissolved fraction. Further information regarding the investigated estuarine systems was provided by dissolved and colloidal organic carbon, total nitrogen and nutrients including nitrate (N-NO3-), nitrite (N-NO2-), ammonium (N-NH4+), soluble reactive silicate (SRSi) and soluble reactive phosphorous (SRP). Suspended particulate matter plays a crucial role as the main vehicle of trace elements from terrestrial sources to marine coastal areas. Generally, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni and Pb are mainly partitioned in the suspended particles and partially bound to the colloidal material. Conversely, As and Cs are preferably associated with the truly dissolved fraction, whereas major differences are observed in the partitioning behaviour of Co, Mn and Zn. Colloidal organic carbon is found to be scarcely present at the river mouths, since the hydrodynamic conditions may weaken the aggregation of very fine particles, thus suggesting that colloids play a minor role. Regarding nutrients, N-NO3- prevails among the forms of dissolved inorganic nitrogen as a result of runoff from soils where agricultural activities take place. In terms of water quality, the DIN:SRP molar ratio indicates that P-limitation prevails at the Isonzo/Soča, Timavo/Reka and Dragonja River mouths. Conversely, the Rižana estuarine system switches from P-limitation, prevailing in autumn and winter, to N-limitation in summer. The second topic of this research is focused on the karstic estuarine system of the Timavo/Reka River where several industrial activities are located. In order to provide a geochemical characterisation, trace elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) were measured in different environmental matrices (water, suspended particles and sediments) as well as dissolved organic carbon, total nitrogen and nutrients. Principal component analysis was employed to depict disparities among the different sectors of the estuarine system. In particular in the innermost sector, sediments were found to be enriched in trace elements and potential adverse ecotoxicological effects were identified for Ni and Hg. Moreover, potential anoxic conditions at the sediment-water interface suggest that removal of trace elements via sulphide precipitation could occur although recycling of sinking Fe and Mn-oxy-hydroxides appears to affect dissolved trace element concentrations in the anoxic water layer.

Gli estuari rappresentano complessi ambienti di transizione tra le terre emerse e le aree marino costiere. Nella zona di mescolamento tra acque fluviali e marine, le sostanze contaminanti potenzialmente veicolate dai corsi d’acqua sono soggette a svariati processi fisici, geochimici e biologici. Infatti, le condizioni chimico-fisiche di contorno, specialmente in termini di salinità, sono estremamente variabili nello spazio e nel tempo e concorrono alle complesse dinamiche sedimentarie degli ambienti di foce fluviale. Inoltre, i processi che avvengono nella zona di mescolamento svolgono un ruolo fondamentale nella regolazione degli equilibri tra la fase solida e quella disciolta. Per questi motivi, gli estuari sono spesso considerati trappole sedimentarie e fungono da filtro naturale per le sostanze contaminanti, inclusi elementi in tracce potenzialmente tossici. L’attività di ricerca comprende due argomenti principali. Il primo riguarda lo studio del partizionamento degli elementi in tracce (As, Cd, Co, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn) nel particellato in sospensione, nel materiale colloidale e nella frazione veramente disciolta. Questo aspetto è stato valutato nei principali ambienti estuarini del Golfo di Trieste: fiumi Isonzo, Timavo, Rižana e Dragonja. Ulteriori informazioni riguardo alla qualità delle acque sono state fornite dalla determinazione del carbonio organico disciolto e colloidale, azoto totale e nutrienti quali nitrati, nitriti, ammonio, silice reattiva e fosforo reattivo. I risultati evidenziano che il particellato in sospensione svolge un ruolo fondamentale nella distribuzione degli elementi in tracce, i quali spesso tendono ad essere partizionati nella fase solida. Generalmente, Cr, Cu, Fe, Fe, Hg, Ni e Pb sono preferenzialmente associati al particellato in sospensione e, al tempo stesso, mostrano una discreta affinità con il materiale colloidale. Al contrario, As e Cs sono preferibilmente presenti in forma disciolta, mentre maggiori differenze, in termini di partizionamento tra fase solida e disciolta, sono emerse nel caso di Co, Mn e Zn. Per quanto riguarda i nutrienti, la prevalenza dei nitrati, tra le forme dell’azoto inorganico, è riconducibile a processi di dilavamento da suoli interessati da attività agricole. Per quanto riguarda la generale qualità dell’acqua, il rapporto molare DIN:SRP indica che nelle foci fluviali dei fiumi Isonzo, Timavo e Dragonja prevalgono condizioni di P limitazione. Al contrario, condizioni di N limitazione sono state riscontrate in estate nel sistema estuarino del fiume Rižana, sebbene condizioni di P limitazione prevalgano in autunno e in inverno. Il secondo argomento indagato in questa ricerca riguarda il sistema estuarino del fiume Timavo, sede di diverse attività industriali. Allo scopo di fornire una caratterizzazione geochimico-ambientale, svariati elementi in tracce (Al, As, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, V e Zn) sono stati determinati in diverse matrici ambientali (acqua, particellato in sospensione e sedimenti) così come carbonio organico disciolto, azoto totale e nutrienti. L’analisi delle componenti principali è stata utilizzata allo scopo di valutare eventuali differenze tra i diversi settori dell’area di studio, mettendo in luce le maggiori criticità dal punto di vista ambientale. Nel settore più interno, i sedimenti sono risultati arricchiti in diversi elementi in tracce e potenziali effetti ecotossicologici per gli organismi bentonici sono emersi nel caso di Ni e Hg. Inoltre, condizioni di solfato-riduzione all’interfaccia acqua-sedimento potrebbero favorire la precipitazione di solfuri con conseguente accumulo di elementi in tracce nella frazione residuale del sedimento. Tuttavia, si suppone che ossidi e idrossidi di Fe e Mn svolgano un ruolo fondamentale nella regolazione delle concentrazioni disciolte di elementi in tracce lungo la colonna d’acqua.

TRACE ELEMENTS IN ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENTS: MIXING, PARTITIONING AND FATE IN THE MAIN ITALIAN AND SLOVENIAN RIVER MOUTHS (GULF OF TRIESTE, NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA) / Pavoni, Elena. - (2020 Mar 10).

TRACE ELEMENTS IN ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENTS: MIXING, PARTITIONING AND FATE IN THE MAIN ITALIAN AND SLOVENIAN RIVER MOUTHS (GULF OF TRIESTE, NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA)

PAVONI, ELENA
2020-03-10

Abstract

Estuaries are complex aquatic systems at the land-sea interface where the interaction between different water masses leads to strong physico-chemical gradients. Before reaching the coastal zone, the river-transported material must pass through the estuarine environment. In this context, estuaries act as a filter for the freshwater inputs of both dissolved and particulate components. The original river-transported original signals can then emerge from the mixing zone in a form which has been notably modified with respect to that which entered the estuarine system. Trace element distribution, mobility and fate heavily depends on the physical, geochemical and biological processes occurring in the estuarine mixing zone, which also affect the equilibria between solid and dissolved phases. The study of trace element phase partitioning is essential to gain a thorough knowledge of their natural cycles, although significant alterations may be due to the high anthropogenic pressure that often affects estuarine environments. This research includes two main topics. The first concerns trace element (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) phase partitioning in the main estuarine environments of the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic Sea). In detail, estuarine water samples were collected at the Isonzo/Soča, Timavo/Reka, Rižana and Dragonja River mouths under different seasonal conditions and size fractionation allowed for the isolation of three fractions: suspended particulate matter, colloidal material and the truly dissolved fraction. Further information regarding the investigated estuarine systems was provided by dissolved and colloidal organic carbon, total nitrogen and nutrients including nitrate (N-NO3-), nitrite (N-NO2-), ammonium (N-NH4+), soluble reactive silicate (SRSi) and soluble reactive phosphorous (SRP). Suspended particulate matter plays a crucial role as the main vehicle of trace elements from terrestrial sources to marine coastal areas. Generally, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni and Pb are mainly partitioned in the suspended particles and partially bound to the colloidal material. Conversely, As and Cs are preferably associated with the truly dissolved fraction, whereas major differences are observed in the partitioning behaviour of Co, Mn and Zn. Colloidal organic carbon is found to be scarcely present at the river mouths, since the hydrodynamic conditions may weaken the aggregation of very fine particles, thus suggesting that colloids play a minor role. Regarding nutrients, N-NO3- prevails among the forms of dissolved inorganic nitrogen as a result of runoff from soils where agricultural activities take place. In terms of water quality, the DIN:SRP molar ratio indicates that P-limitation prevails at the Isonzo/Soča, Timavo/Reka and Dragonja River mouths. Conversely, the Rižana estuarine system switches from P-limitation, prevailing in autumn and winter, to N-limitation in summer. The second topic of this research is focused on the karstic estuarine system of the Timavo/Reka River where several industrial activities are located. In order to provide a geochemical characterisation, trace elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) were measured in different environmental matrices (water, suspended particles and sediments) as well as dissolved organic carbon, total nitrogen and nutrients. Principal component analysis was employed to depict disparities among the different sectors of the estuarine system. In particular in the innermost sector, sediments were found to be enriched in trace elements and potential adverse ecotoxicological effects were identified for Ni and Hg. Moreover, potential anoxic conditions at the sediment-water interface suggest that removal of trace elements via sulphide precipitation could occur although recycling of sinking Fe and Mn-oxy-hydroxides appears to affect dissolved trace element concentrations in the anoxic water layer.
10-mar-2020
ADAMI, GIANPIERO
COVELLI, STEFANO
32
2018/2019
Settore CHIM/01 - Chimica Analitica
Università degli Studi di Trieste
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11368/2963759
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