The valorisation of animal and vegetable biomass is a core topic of bioeconomy and is presently supported by several international reports. It’s relevance significantly increased in the last decades due to the environmental issues related to the massive use of oil for the production of fuels, fuel additives, fine chemicals and polymers, which are a threaten for modern society. Thus, the replacement of petrochemicals by biomass derived compounds is seen as an attractive and eco-friendly solution to preserve the environmental equilibrium. The PhD thesis here presented describes new solutions for the valorisation of biomass and biomass derived platform chemicals. For instance, animal proteins recovered as a waste byproduct from leather industry have been identified as a biomass to be exploited. Starting from this feedstock, the work here presented provides a novel protocol for the production of biobased retanning agents for leather production aiming to replace commonly used petrochemical derived retanning agent. The method developed takes advantage of glycerol, a biomass derived compound. However, the most abundant biomass feedstock directly provided by Nature is lignocellulosic biomass. This work focuses on the conversion, via catalytic hydrogenation, of platform chemicals obtained by cellulosic fraction, such as furfural, levulinic acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). The reduction of these platform chemicals to the corresponding high-value alcohols makes use of novel organometallic species. We designed a series of click based ligands and studied their coordination behaviour with transition metal complexes. In particular, a small library of mononuclear and dimeric palladium complexes bearing chiral triazolyl-oxazoline (TryOx) ligands have been synthetized and fully characterized by means of NMR and FTIIR spectroscopies, ESI-MS spectrometry, DFT calculations and X-rays. Moreover, preliminary test on the hydrogenation of biomass derived furfural have been carried out. In parallel, ruthenium complexes bearing pyridilaminotriazole NNN click based ligands were synthetized and characterized. Furthermore, a deep investigation on the catalytic activity of these complexes has been performed. A broad range of carbonyl compounds have been reduced with excellent selectivity observed in some depicted cases. Inter alia, biomass derived furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural have been selectively hydrogenated to furfuryl alcohol and 2,5-bis(hydroxymethillfurfural) respectively in high yields. Finally, hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds, included biomass derived chemicals, in aqueous media has been described. A water soluble triazole-thioether ligand has been successfully used for the in situ hydrogenation of biomass derived carbonyls compounds. Experimental results showed interesting recyclability of the active catalyst.
La valorizzazione delle biomasse, siano esse di origini naturale o vegetale, è una tematica che negli ultimi anni ricopre un ruolo centrale nel campo della bioeconomia ed è fortemente sostenuta da numerosi report internazionali. Oggigiorno, infatti, la società richiede il preservamento dell’equilibrio ambientale mediante la riduzione dell'uso dei combustibili fossili per la produzione di carburanti, additivi per carburanti, prodotti chimici e polimeri. Pertanto, la sostituzione dei prodotti petrolchimici con composti derivati da biomasse è vista come un’attraente soluzione eco-sostenibile. Tenendo conto di queste osservazioni, la tesi di dottorato qui presentata descrive delle nuove tecnologie sviluppate per la valorizzazione delle biomasse e dei prodotti chimici da esse derivate. In primo luogo, è stata affrontata la tematica del recupero di biomasse animali da importanti processi industriali e il loro utilizzo per la produzione di prodotti chimici per l’industria. Nella fattispecie, le proteine animali recuperate da scarti dell'industria conciaria sono state identificate come potenziale biomassa ad oggi non pienamente sfruttata. In questo lavoro viene descritto un nuovo protocollo per la produzione di agenti riconcianti per la produzione di pellami sintetizzati a partire da proteine animali. Lo scopo principale è quello di sostituire gli agenti riconcianti utilizzati comunemente e derivati per la maggior parte da combustibili fossili. Il protocollo utilizzato sfrutta inoltre il glicerolo, un altro composto derivato dalla biomassa. Tuttavia, la materia prima più abbondante fornita direttamente dalla Natura è la biomassa lignocellulosica. Parte di questo lavoro si concentra sulla conversione di platform chemicals ottenuti dalla frazione cellulosica, e.g. furfurale, acido levulinico, 5-idrossimetilfurfurale (5-HMF), acido itaconico. Tali prodotti sono stati oggetto di studio attraverso reazioni di idrogenazione mediante l’uso di complessi organometallici a base di metalli di transizione. Diversi leganti azotati, sintetizzati mediante reazioni di click chemistry, sono stati sintetizzati e la loro chimica di coordinazione a determinati metalli di transizione è stata ampiamente investigata. In prima istanza ci si è concentrati sulla sintesi di una piccola libreria di complessi di palladio coordinati a ligandi chirali triazolil-ossazolinici (TryOx). La particolare chimica di coordinazione di questi nuovi leganti è stata investigata mediante spettroscopia NMR e FTIIR, spettrometria ESI-MS, calcoli DFT e raggi X. Con i complessi caratterizzati in mano, sono stati effettuati test preliminari sull'idrogenazione del furfurale derivato da biomassa che hanno determinato la potenziale attività catalitica dei complessi sintetizzati. Parallelamente, sono stati sintetizzati e caratterizzati complessi di rutenio contenenti ligandi che presentano la funzionalità amino triazoliche. Con tali complessi è stata condotta un'indagine approfondita sulla loro attività catalitica in reazioni di idrogenazione. Una vasta gamma di composti carbonilici è stata ridotta con, in alcuni casi, eccellenti selettività. Tra gli altri, il furfurale 5-idrossimetilfurfurale, derivati da biomasse, sono stati selettivamente idrogenati in alcool furfurilico e 2,5-diidrossimetilfurfurale in rese elevate. Infine, è stata descritta l'idrogenazione dei composti carbonilici, inclusi i prodotti chimici derivati dalla biomassa, in solvente acquoso. Un legante triazolo-tioetere solubile in acqua, sintetizzato mediante la combinazione di due approcci click, come la CuAAC e la thiol-ene, ha dato buoni risultati nell’idrogenazione di composti carbonilici. I risultati sperimentali, inoltre, hanno mostrato un'interessante riciclabilità della specie catalitica attiva.
Synthesis and characterization of biopolymers and transition metal complexes for the valorizaion of biomasses / Sole, Roberto. - (2020 Mar 06).
Synthesis and characterization of biopolymers and transition metal complexes for the valorizaion of biomasses
SOLE, ROBERTO
2020-03-06
Abstract
The valorisation of animal and vegetable biomass is a core topic of bioeconomy and is presently supported by several international reports. It’s relevance significantly increased in the last decades due to the environmental issues related to the massive use of oil for the production of fuels, fuel additives, fine chemicals and polymers, which are a threaten for modern society. Thus, the replacement of petrochemicals by biomass derived compounds is seen as an attractive and eco-friendly solution to preserve the environmental equilibrium. The PhD thesis here presented describes new solutions for the valorisation of biomass and biomass derived platform chemicals. For instance, animal proteins recovered as a waste byproduct from leather industry have been identified as a biomass to be exploited. Starting from this feedstock, the work here presented provides a novel protocol for the production of biobased retanning agents for leather production aiming to replace commonly used petrochemical derived retanning agent. The method developed takes advantage of glycerol, a biomass derived compound. However, the most abundant biomass feedstock directly provided by Nature is lignocellulosic biomass. This work focuses on the conversion, via catalytic hydrogenation, of platform chemicals obtained by cellulosic fraction, such as furfural, levulinic acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). The reduction of these platform chemicals to the corresponding high-value alcohols makes use of novel organometallic species. We designed a series of click based ligands and studied their coordination behaviour with transition metal complexes. In particular, a small library of mononuclear and dimeric palladium complexes bearing chiral triazolyl-oxazoline (TryOx) ligands have been synthetized and fully characterized by means of NMR and FTIIR spectroscopies, ESI-MS spectrometry, DFT calculations and X-rays. Moreover, preliminary test on the hydrogenation of biomass derived furfural have been carried out. In parallel, ruthenium complexes bearing pyridilaminotriazole NNN click based ligands were synthetized and characterized. Furthermore, a deep investigation on the catalytic activity of these complexes has been performed. A broad range of carbonyl compounds have been reduced with excellent selectivity observed in some depicted cases. Inter alia, biomass derived furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural have been selectively hydrogenated to furfuryl alcohol and 2,5-bis(hydroxymethillfurfural) respectively in high yields. Finally, hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds, included biomass derived chemicals, in aqueous media has been described. A water soluble triazole-thioether ligand has been successfully used for the in situ hydrogenation of biomass derived carbonyls compounds. Experimental results showed interesting recyclability of the active catalyst.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Roberto Sole_PhD Thesis.pdf
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