This PhD project was developed on two parallel lines of research, each of which concentrated on a specific fraction of the marine litter: the MICROplastic (MP, < 5 mm) and the NANOplastic (NP, < 1µm). With reference to the first line of research, the first full paper reported in this thesis is an investigation of the possible interactions between PET (polyethylene terephthalate) MP and some other factors potentially able to influence MP toxicity, namely water pH (Ac=7.5 and St=8.0) and food variations (presence/absence). The toxicity of leachates and suspensions of different size (5-3,000 µm) of PET MPs was evaluated in a multispecies test composed by Vibrio fischeri, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Paracentrotus lividus. The analyses were subsequently extended also to marine teleosts: juveniles of Amphiprion ocellaris were investigated in a 3-days water-exposure to suspensions of PET MPs under feeding conditions. Both single enzymes related to oxidative stress response (CAT; GST) and total scavenger capacity (TOSCA assay) were tested. According to the final results obtained, considering the MP concentrations analyzed in these studies, a low toxicity is attributable to PET MPs and, in particular: i) responses were species-specific; ii) leachates demonstrated to be more toxic than suspensions of MPs; iii) smaller sizes of plastics not always corresponded to stronger biological responses; iv) pH and food variations modulated the ecotoxicological responses of echinoderms according to mechanisms not demonstrable in the current state of knowledge; v) a concentration-dependent response was not evident in clownfish juveniles in which the lower concentration of MPs induced effects 1.87 times greater than the higher concentration. With regard to the second line of research, the first full paper reported in this thesis explores the scientific knowledge on the topic, from polymer degradation to occurrence in marine water, passing across laboratory evidence of nanoplastic formation. The works examined were classified on the basis of the aspects covered, with particular attention being paid to those relating to ecotoxicological effects, and suggestions were also made for future studies. In the second full paper reported in this thesis, a 7-days exposure to 100 nm PS-COOH nanoplastics in juveniles of clownfish explores the possible biological implications adopting a multidisciplinary approach spanning from biochemical responses related to oxidative stress, to gene expression analysis by the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of the whole transcriptome (RNA-seq technique). As we learn from the review, the framework on nanoplastics toxicity seems to be alarming. However, many knowledge gaps (quantification of the phenomenon first) still exist and therefore it is difficult to take a position about the risk they pose to the biodiversity and functioning of natural ecosystems. The experiment performed on clownfish juveniles detected a minor response in oxidative stress and contributed in understanding the cascade of molecular events that are activated by the exposure to PS-NPs in the clownfish juveniles. Specifically: i) sensitive biomarkers such as CAT, GST, GR and TOSC Assay (hydroxylic and peroxylic) were not significantly altered; ii) the integrated analysis of biomarker responses reported a reduction in overall health status of fishes demonstrating how the IBRv2 index may represent a quick, useful and informative approach; iii) RNA-seq analysis highlighted significant dysregulation of immune genes especially in the low condition which elicited higher toxicogenomic response than medium and high concentrations; iv) remarkably, the genes showing higher change in transcriptional levels were predominantly factors involved in viral infection and inflammatory response, and to less extent in ciliogenesis, energy metabolism, olfactory and reproductive functions.
Questo progetto di dottorato si sviluppa su due linee di ricerca, ciascuna delle quali focalizzata su una particolare frazione del marine litter: le MICROplastiche (MP, < 5 mm) e le NANOplastiche (NP, < 1µm). In riferimento alla prima linea di ricerca, nel primo lavoro pubblicato e interamente riportato nella tesi, sono state investigate le possibili interazioni fra MP di PET (polietilentereftalato) ed altri fattori potenzialmente capaci di influenzarne la tossicità, quali il pH dell’acqua di mare (Acido = 7.5 vs. Standard = 8.0) e la disponibilità di cibo (presenza/assenza), testando la tossicità sia degli eluati che delle sospensioni di MP di diversa dimensione (5-3,000 µm) in un test multispecie composto da Vibrio fischeri, Phaeodactylum tricornutum e Paracentrotus lividus. Le analisi sono state poi, ulteriormente estese a giovanili di pesce pagliaccio Amphiprion ocellaris (esposti per 3 giorni a sospensioni di MP in presenza di cibo). La risposta biologica si è basata sulla misura dell’attività enzimatica di singoli biomarker legati allo stress ossidativo (CAT; GST) e sulla capacità totale di scavenger ossidoradicale per mezzo del saggio TOSCA. Dai risultati ottenuti nella prima linea di ricerca, e alla luce delle concentrazioni testate, risulta una bassa tossicità legata alle MP di PET. In particolare: i) le risposte sono state specie-specifiche; ii) gli eluati si sono dimostrati generalmente più tossici delle sospensioni; iii) la taglia più piccola delle MP non sempre ha causato risposte biologiche più evidenti; iv) il pH e le variazioni di cibo sono in grado di modulare le risposte ecotossicologiche degli echinodermi secondo meccanismi non dimostrabili allo stato attuale delle conoscenze; v) non è stata evidenziata una risposta concentrazione-dipendente nei giovanili di pesce pagliaccio, infatti la concentrazione più bassa di MP ha indotto effetti 1.87 volte superiori rispetto alla concentrazione più alta. Riguardo la seconda linea di ricerca, nella review pubblicata e interamente riportata nella tesi, viene indagata la conoscenza scientifica dell’inquinamento da NP, dalla degradazione dei polimeri alla loro presenza in campioni di acqua marina, dedicando particolare attenzione agli aspetti riguardanti gli effetti ecotossicologici. Nel secondo lavoro riportato nella tesi, viene descritto l’esperimento di 7 giorni in cui giovanili di pesce pagliaccio sono stati esposti a NP di polistirene (PS-COOH). Le possibili implicazioni biologiche vengono indagate per mezzo di un approccio multidisciplanare basato sulla risposta biochimica connessa allo stress ossidativo in aggiunta a quella molecolare basata su tecniche di Next Generation Sequencing quali il sequenziamento del trascrittoma codificante (RNA-seq). Da quanto appreso durante la preparazione della review, le NP sembrerebbero essere un contaminante dagli effetti allarmanti, tuttavia, molte domande (tra tutte, la quantificazione del fenomeno) rimangono irrisolte e dunque risulta prematuro prendere una posizione sul rischio reale che le NP eserciterebbero sulla biodiversità e sul funzionamento degli ecosistemi naturali. Il test realizzato su giovanili di pesce pagliaccio ha voluto colmare parzialmente la scarsità di conoscenze sugli effetti delle NP nei pesci marini ed ha evidenziato come: i) la CAT, la GST, la GR e il saggio TOSC idrossilico e perossilico, non siano stati significativamente alterati; ii) l’analisi integrata delle risposte biologiche (indice IBRv2) riporti una riduzione globale dello stato di salute dei pesci esposti alle NP dimostrando come tale indice possa rappresentare un approccio rapido, semplice ed informativo; iii) la concentrazione più bassa sia in grado di suscitare risposte tossicogenomiche maggiori rispetto alle concentrazioni medie ed elevate; iv) i geni con un cambiamento più elevato nei livelli trascrizionali siano stati quelli coinvolti nell'infezione virale e nella risposta infiammatoria.
Effetti tossicologici di Micro- e Nano-plastiche in diversi organismi marini modello / Piccardo, Manuela. - (2021 Feb 26).
Effetti tossicologici di Micro- e Nano-plastiche in diversi organismi marini modello
PICCARDO, MANUELA
2021-02-26
Abstract
This PhD project was developed on two parallel lines of research, each of which concentrated on a specific fraction of the marine litter: the MICROplastic (MP, < 5 mm) and the NANOplastic (NP, < 1µm). With reference to the first line of research, the first full paper reported in this thesis is an investigation of the possible interactions between PET (polyethylene terephthalate) MP and some other factors potentially able to influence MP toxicity, namely water pH (Ac=7.5 and St=8.0) and food variations (presence/absence). The toxicity of leachates and suspensions of different size (5-3,000 µm) of PET MPs was evaluated in a multispecies test composed by Vibrio fischeri, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Paracentrotus lividus. The analyses were subsequently extended also to marine teleosts: juveniles of Amphiprion ocellaris were investigated in a 3-days water-exposure to suspensions of PET MPs under feeding conditions. Both single enzymes related to oxidative stress response (CAT; GST) and total scavenger capacity (TOSCA assay) were tested. According to the final results obtained, considering the MP concentrations analyzed in these studies, a low toxicity is attributable to PET MPs and, in particular: i) responses were species-specific; ii) leachates demonstrated to be more toxic than suspensions of MPs; iii) smaller sizes of plastics not always corresponded to stronger biological responses; iv) pH and food variations modulated the ecotoxicological responses of echinoderms according to mechanisms not demonstrable in the current state of knowledge; v) a concentration-dependent response was not evident in clownfish juveniles in which the lower concentration of MPs induced effects 1.87 times greater than the higher concentration. With regard to the second line of research, the first full paper reported in this thesis explores the scientific knowledge on the topic, from polymer degradation to occurrence in marine water, passing across laboratory evidence of nanoplastic formation. The works examined were classified on the basis of the aspects covered, with particular attention being paid to those relating to ecotoxicological effects, and suggestions were also made for future studies. In the second full paper reported in this thesis, a 7-days exposure to 100 nm PS-COOH nanoplastics in juveniles of clownfish explores the possible biological implications adopting a multidisciplinary approach spanning from biochemical responses related to oxidative stress, to gene expression analysis by the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of the whole transcriptome (RNA-seq technique). As we learn from the review, the framework on nanoplastics toxicity seems to be alarming. However, many knowledge gaps (quantification of the phenomenon first) still exist and therefore it is difficult to take a position about the risk they pose to the biodiversity and functioning of natural ecosystems. The experiment performed on clownfish juveniles detected a minor response in oxidative stress and contributed in understanding the cascade of molecular events that are activated by the exposure to PS-NPs in the clownfish juveniles. Specifically: i) sensitive biomarkers such as CAT, GST, GR and TOSC Assay (hydroxylic and peroxylic) were not significantly altered; ii) the integrated analysis of biomarker responses reported a reduction in overall health status of fishes demonstrating how the IBRv2 index may represent a quick, useful and informative approach; iii) RNA-seq analysis highlighted significant dysregulation of immune genes especially in the low condition which elicited higher toxicogenomic response than medium and high concentrations; iv) remarkably, the genes showing higher change in transcriptional levels were predominantly factors involved in viral infection and inflammatory response, and to less extent in ciliogenesis, energy metabolism, olfactory and reproductive functions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Open Access dal 27/02/2022
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