My research project is focused on the study of a specific subtype of breast cancer (BC), the triple-negative (TNBC), the most aggressive and difficult to treat because of the absence of specific therapeutic options other than chemotherapy. Usually, adjuvant therapy (i.e anthracycline-based regimens) is recommended after surgical intervention of patients affected by TNBC. HMGA1 is involved in the onset and progression of neoplastic transformation, and in chemoresistance. HMGA1 is a key oncogenic factor in TNBC involved in transcriptional and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. We already demonstrated that HMGA1 can affect histone H1 phosphorylation status in TNBC cells, since HMGA1 depletion leads to dephosphorylation of histone H1. In this thesis, we decided to elucidate the pathway leading to this regulation. Indeed, we performed LC/MS analyses of histone H1 extracted after CCNE2 and CDK2 silencing, the major factors responsible for histone H1 phosphorylation. We demonstrate that HMGA1 modulation of histone H1 phosphorylation goes through a cyclinE2-Cdk2 dependent mechanism. Since histone H1 phosphorylation is cell cycle-dependent and has low phosphorylation in G1-phase and an increased rate in S- and G2-phase with a maximum during mitosis, we hypothesized that HMGA1 could have a role in cell-cycle modulation of histones. We proceeded with histone gene and protein expression analyses in TNBC cells, silenced for HMGA1 expression. Accordingly, we evaluated a decrease in expression of histones at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels after HMGA1 depletion in TNBC cells. Then, we deeper investigated the hypothesis of a HMGA1 dependent pathway for histone gene expression. We started focusing on specific histone variant (HIST1H4H/H4) modulated after HMGA1 silencing. We demonstrate that HMGA1 directly regulates HIST1H4H histones expression by activating its promoter. Moreover, we disclosed a protein/protein interaction between HMGA1 and NPAT, a master regulator of histone transcriptional expression. After, we analyzed the cell cycle distribution of MDA-MB-231 cells after HMGA1 silencing by flow cytometry. Therefore, we demonstrated that HMGA1 promotes cell-cycle progression in MDA-MB-231 cells and its depletion reduces protein expression of SLBP, a sensor of cell cycle progression. Then, we exploited bioinformatic analyses to search for prognostic and predictive value of HMGA1-regulated histones in BC. Interestingly, we disclosed significantly high expressed histone variants (HIST1H1C/H1.2, HIST1H2AC/H2A1c, HIST1H2BD/H2B1d and HIST1H4H/H4) in BC also enriched in TNBC. Moreover, we observed that HIST1H1C/H1.2 and HIST1H4H/H1.4 had a prognostic value in BC. On the current therapeutic trend and our experimental evidence by which we demonstrate that HMGA1 expression influence cell cycle distribution in MDA-MB-231, we asked whether HMGA1 could be a chemosensitizer factor for a cell-proliferating active drug such as epirubicin. To this end, we generated a TNBC cell line resistant to epirubicin (ER-TNBC) using MDA-MB-231 cells (ER-MDA-MB-231). By the MTS-assay we demonstrated that HMGA1 is a chemosensitizer factor for epirubicin cytotoxic action. After we performed the analysis of the cell cycle distribution of ER-MDA-MB-231 cells by flow cytometry after HMGA1 silencing with respect to control condition. We concluded that HMGA1 favours epirubicin cytotoxic effect through the coordination of the active proliferation. Indeed, we demonstrated that HMGA1 promotes cell-cycle progression in ER-MDA-MB-231 cells. Finally, HMGA1 is involved in epirubicin chemoresistance, at least partially, by affecting the expression of HIST1H4H/H1.4 histone (probably of other as well) and in this way of cell cycle progression. Therefore, we conclude that HMGA1 expression could not be neglected in epirubicin treatment regimens for TNBC-HMGA1 expressing cancer and that could be a valuable mean to predict epirubicin responsiveness in resistance BC cells.
Il mio progetto si è focalizzato sullo studio di un sottotipo di cancro al seno, il triplo negativo (TN), il più aggressivo e difficile da trattare per l'assenza di opzioni terapeutiche specifiche diverse dalla chemioterapia. Di solito, la terapia adiuvante (cioè regimi a base di antracicline) è raccomandata dopo l'intervento chirurgico di pazienti affetti da TN. HMGA1 è una proteina oncofetale coinvolta nell'insorgenza e nella progressione della trasformazione neoplastica e nella chemioresistenza. HMGA1 è un fattore oncogenico chiave nel TN coinvolto nei meccanismi di regolazione trascrizionale ed epigenetica. Il nostro gruppo di ricerca ha dimostrato che HMGA1 può influenzare lo stato di fosforilazione dell'istone H1 nelle cellule TNBC poiché il silenziamento di HMGA1 porta alla defosforilazione dell'istone H1.In questa tesi abbiamo indagato questa regolazione. Infatti, abbiamo eseguito analisi LC / MS dell'istone H1 dopo il silenziamento di CCNE2 e CDK2, i principali fattori responsabili della sua fosforilazione.Abbiamo dimostrato che la modulazione HMGA1 della fosforilazione dell'istone H1 passa attraverso un meccanismo dipendente da cyclinE2-Cdk2. Poiché la fosforilazione dell'istone H1 è dipendente dal ciclo cellulare abbiamo ipotizzato che HMGA1 potesse avere un ruolo nella modulazione del ciclo cellulare degli istoni. Abbiamo proceduto con l'analisi dell'espressione genica e proteica in cellule TN, silenziate per l'espressione di HMGA1. Di conseguenza, abbiamo valutato una diminuzione dell'espressione degli istoni a livelli trascrizionali e post-trascrizionali in queste condizioni. Quindi, abbiamo approfondito l'ipotesi di una via dipendente da HMGA1 per l'espressione genica degli istoni. Abbiamo dimostrato che HMGA1 regola direttamente l'espressione dell’ istone HIST1H4H attivando il suo promotore. Inoltre, abbiamo constatato un'interazione proteina / proteina tra HMGA1 e NPAT, un regolatore principale dell'espressione trascrizionale dell'istone. Successivamente, abbiamo analizzato la distribuzione del ciclo cellulare delle cellule MDA-MB-231 dopo il silenziamento di HMGA1 mediante citometria a flusso. Pertanto, abbiamo dimostrato che HMGA1 promuove la progressione del ciclo cellulare nelle cellule MDA-MB-231 e il suo silenziamento riduce l'espressione proteica di SLBP, un sensore della progressione del ciclo cellulare. Quindi, abbiamo sfruttato analisi bioinformatiche per ottenere il valore prognostico e predittivo degli istoni regolati da HMGA1 in BC. Abbiamo verificato che specifiche varianti istoniche sono arricchite significativamente (HIST1H1C / H1.2, HIST1H2AC / H2A1c, HIST1H2BD / H2B1d e HIST1H4H / H4) in tessutu tumorali di cancro al seno e TN. Abbiamo osservato che HIST1H1C / H1.2 e HIST1H4H / H1.4 hanno anche un valore prognostico . Sulla base delle attuali terapie e della nostra evidenza sperimentale con cui dimostriamo che l'espressione di HMGA1 influenza la distribuzione del ciclo cellulare in MDA-MB-231, ci siamo chiesti se HMGA1 potesse essere un fattore chemiosensibilizzante per un farmaco contro cellule attivamente proliferanti come l'epirubicina. A tal fine, abbiamo generato una linea cellulare TNBC resistente all'epirubicina (ER-TNBC) utilizzando cellule MDA-MB-231 (ER-MDA-MB-231). Con il saggio MTS abbiamo dimostrato che HMGA1 è un fattore chemiosensibilizzante per l'azione citotossica dell'epirubicina. Dopo abbiamo eseguito l'analisi della distribuzione del ciclo cellulare delle cellule ER-MDA-MB-231 mediante citometria a flusso dopo silenziamento di HMGA1 rispetto al controllo. Abbiamo concluso che HMGA1 favorisce l'effetto citotossico dell'epirubicina attraverso il coordinamento della proliferazione cellulare. Infatti, abbiamo dimostrato che HMGA1 promuove la progressione del ciclo cellulare nelle cellule ER-MDA-MB-231. Pertanto, concludiamo che l'espressione di HMGA1 non può essere trascurata nei regimi di trattamento con epirubicina per cellule tumorali esprimenti HMGA1.
HMGA1 MODULA L'ESPRESSIONE DEGLI ISTONI CICLO CELLULARE-DIPENDENTE, RENDENDO CELLULE RESISTENTI ALL'EPIRUBICINA PIU' SENSIBILI ALLA SUA AZIONE / Petrosino, Sara. - (2021 Apr 23).
HMGA1 MODULA L'ESPRESSIONE DEGLI ISTONI CICLO CELLULARE-DIPENDENTE, RENDENDO CELLULE RESISTENTI ALL'EPIRUBICINA PIU' SENSIBILI ALLA SUA AZIONE
PETROSINO, SARA
2021-04-23
Abstract
My research project is focused on the study of a specific subtype of breast cancer (BC), the triple-negative (TNBC), the most aggressive and difficult to treat because of the absence of specific therapeutic options other than chemotherapy. Usually, adjuvant therapy (i.e anthracycline-based regimens) is recommended after surgical intervention of patients affected by TNBC. HMGA1 is involved in the onset and progression of neoplastic transformation, and in chemoresistance. HMGA1 is a key oncogenic factor in TNBC involved in transcriptional and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. We already demonstrated that HMGA1 can affect histone H1 phosphorylation status in TNBC cells, since HMGA1 depletion leads to dephosphorylation of histone H1. In this thesis, we decided to elucidate the pathway leading to this regulation. Indeed, we performed LC/MS analyses of histone H1 extracted after CCNE2 and CDK2 silencing, the major factors responsible for histone H1 phosphorylation. We demonstrate that HMGA1 modulation of histone H1 phosphorylation goes through a cyclinE2-Cdk2 dependent mechanism. Since histone H1 phosphorylation is cell cycle-dependent and has low phosphorylation in G1-phase and an increased rate in S- and G2-phase with a maximum during mitosis, we hypothesized that HMGA1 could have a role in cell-cycle modulation of histones. We proceeded with histone gene and protein expression analyses in TNBC cells, silenced for HMGA1 expression. Accordingly, we evaluated a decrease in expression of histones at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels after HMGA1 depletion in TNBC cells. Then, we deeper investigated the hypothesis of a HMGA1 dependent pathway for histone gene expression. We started focusing on specific histone variant (HIST1H4H/H4) modulated after HMGA1 silencing. We demonstrate that HMGA1 directly regulates HIST1H4H histones expression by activating its promoter. Moreover, we disclosed a protein/protein interaction between HMGA1 and NPAT, a master regulator of histone transcriptional expression. After, we analyzed the cell cycle distribution of MDA-MB-231 cells after HMGA1 silencing by flow cytometry. Therefore, we demonstrated that HMGA1 promotes cell-cycle progression in MDA-MB-231 cells and its depletion reduces protein expression of SLBP, a sensor of cell cycle progression. Then, we exploited bioinformatic analyses to search for prognostic and predictive value of HMGA1-regulated histones in BC. Interestingly, we disclosed significantly high expressed histone variants (HIST1H1C/H1.2, HIST1H2AC/H2A1c, HIST1H2BD/H2B1d and HIST1H4H/H4) in BC also enriched in TNBC. Moreover, we observed that HIST1H1C/H1.2 and HIST1H4H/H1.4 had a prognostic value in BC. On the current therapeutic trend and our experimental evidence by which we demonstrate that HMGA1 expression influence cell cycle distribution in MDA-MB-231, we asked whether HMGA1 could be a chemosensitizer factor for a cell-proliferating active drug such as epirubicin. To this end, we generated a TNBC cell line resistant to epirubicin (ER-TNBC) using MDA-MB-231 cells (ER-MDA-MB-231). By the MTS-assay we demonstrated that HMGA1 is a chemosensitizer factor for epirubicin cytotoxic action. After we performed the analysis of the cell cycle distribution of ER-MDA-MB-231 cells by flow cytometry after HMGA1 silencing with respect to control condition. We concluded that HMGA1 favours epirubicin cytotoxic effect through the coordination of the active proliferation. Indeed, we demonstrated that HMGA1 promotes cell-cycle progression in ER-MDA-MB-231 cells. Finally, HMGA1 is involved in epirubicin chemoresistance, at least partially, by affecting the expression of HIST1H4H/H1.4 histone (probably of other as well) and in this way of cell cycle progression. Therefore, we conclude that HMGA1 expression could not be neglected in epirubicin treatment regimens for TNBC-HMGA1 expressing cancer and that could be a valuable mean to predict epirubicin responsiveness in resistance BC cells.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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