Pediatric BCR-ABL like (BAL) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a novel subtype of leukemias, identified through similarity in gene expression to BCR-ABL positive ALL. BAL is associated with the activation of ABL or JAK-STAT pathways and presents a high risk of early relapse. Since BAL is a subgroup of tyrosine kinase-driven ALL, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) might be a therapeutic option for these patients. Here we report a novel peptide biosensor (PABL)-ELISA assay to investigate ABL activity in four immortalized leukemic cell lines with different genetic background. The PABL sequence comprises an ABL tyrosine (Y) phosphorylation site and a targeting sequence which increases the specificity for ABL; additional peptides (Y-site-mutated (PABL-F) and fully-phosphorylated biosensor (PPHOSPHO-ABL)) were included in the assay. After incubation with whole cell lysates, average PABL phosphorylation was significantly increased (basal versus PABL phosphorylation: 6.84 ± 1.46% vs 32.44 ± 3.25%, p-value < 0.0001, two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post-test, percentages relative to PPHOSPHO-ABL in each cell line). Lines expressing ABL-chimeric proteins (K562, ALL-SIL) presented the higher TK activity on PABL; a lower signal was instead observed for NALM6 and REH (p<0.001 and p<0.05 versus K562, respectively). Phosphorylation was ABL-mediated, as demonstrated by the specific inhibition of imatinib (p<0.001 for K562, NALM6, ALL-SIL and p<0.01 for REH) in contrast to ruxolitinib (JAK2-inhibitor), and occurred on the ABL Y-site, as demonstrated by PABL-F whose phosphorylation was comparable to basal levels. While requiring further optimization and validation in leukemic blasts to be of clinical interest, the PABL-based ELISA assay provides a novel in vitro tool for screening ABL activity in BAL ALL leukemic cells and the potential response to TK inhibitors. In the context of JAK2 pathway, a small sequence belonging to the SH2 domain of STAT5 identified from literature was proposed as peptide biosensor (P1JAK2) and from computational studies it provided the specific interactions for binding with JAK2. Interestingly P1JAK2 showed higher computationally estimated binding capacity than a second peptide (P2JAK2), described in literature. P1JAK2 comprises only the reporter and the sequence needs to be optimized. Further analysis with SPR will be performed to validate these results. In this thesis the biosensor assay was limited to cell lines, given the difficulties in obtaining and culturing primary human ALL cells. In collaboration with Prof. Den Boer at the Princess Maxima center for Pediatric Oncology (Utrecht, The Netherlands) attempts were made to optimize an ex vivo co-culture using mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and ALL cells on a two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) system. 2D co-culture showed generally no improvement in blasts survival. 3D-cocultures provided better results: MSCs migrate into the gel and create complex cluster of cells attracting leukemic cells and most important in this complex ALL cells and MSCs were able to communicate. In this study the 2D system failed to prolong ALL in vitro survival and a 3D model mimicking the bone marrow organization might be the best option.
La leucemia linfoblastica acuta (LLA) pediatrica BCR-ABL like(BAL) è un nuovo sottotipo di leucemie identificato per similarità nell'espressione genica con la LLA positiva per BCR-ABL. Il BAL è associato all'attivazione delle pathways di ABL o JAK-STAT e ad un alto rischio di ricaduta, ma gli inibitori tirosin chinasici (TKI), potrebbero rappresentare una soluzione terapeutica. Qui riportiamo un saggio ELISA basato su un biosensore peptidico (PABL) in grado di valutare l’attività chinasica di ABL. La sequenza di PABL comprende un sito di fosforilazione della tirosina (Y) ABL e una sequenza di targeting che aumenta la specificità per ABL; ulteriori peptidi (Y-site-mutated (PABL-F) e un biosensore completamente fosforilato (PPHOSPHO-ABL)) sono stati inclusi nel test. Dopo l'incubazione con lisati cellulari, provenienti da 4 linee immortalizzate la fosforilazione di PABL media era significativamente aumentata (fosforilazione basale rispetto a PABL: 6,84 ± 1,46% vs 32,44 ± 3,25%, valore p < 0,0001, ANOVA a due vie, post-test Bonferroni, percentuali relative a PPHOSPHO- ABL in ogni linea). Le linee che esprimono proteine chimeriche di ABL (K562, ALL-SIL) presentavano la maggiore attività chinasica su PABL; un segnale più basso è stato invece osservato per NALM6 e REH (p<0.001 e p<0.05 versus K562, rispettivamente). Come dimostrato dall'inibizione specifica di imatinib (p<0,001 per K562, NALM6, ALL-SIL e p<0,01 per REH) in contrasto con ruxolitinib (inibitore JAK2), la fosforilazione era mediata da ABL. A seguito dell’incubazione con PABL-F la fosforilazione era paragonabile ai livelli basali delle linee, dimostrando l’interazione specifica sulla Y di ABL. Pur richiedendo un'ulteriore ottimizzazione e convalida nei blasti leucemici, il sistema fornisce un nuovo strumento in vitro per lo screening dell'attività di ABL nelle leucemie BAL e la risposta ai TKI. Nell'ambito della classe JAK-STAT, è stata identificata una sequenza appartenente al dominio SH2 di STAT5 e proposta come biosensore peptidico (P1JAK2). Su di esso sono stati eseguiti studi computazionali che hanno dimostrato lo specifico legame tra il peptide proposto e JAK2. Da notare che P1JAK2 ha mostrato una capacità di legame maggiore in paragone ad un secondo pepdide (P2JAK2), già descritto in letteratura. P1JAK2 rappresenta solo la sequenza reporter e necessita quindi di ottimizzazione. Per future analisi funzionali sono stati fatti dei tentativi per esprimere e purificare il dominio chinasico di JAK2, ma dopo 2 tentativi falliti, si è concluso che l’espressione in E.coli non è possibile e le future analisi verranno eseguite su un JAK2 commerciale. Viste le difficoltà nel mantenere in colture cellule LLA primarie, in collaborazione con la Prof. Den Boer presso il centro Princess Maxima (Utrecht, Paesi Bassi) sono stati fatti tentativi per ottimizzare una co-coltura ex vivo utilizzando cellule stromali mesenchimali (MSC) e cellule LLA su un piano bidimensionale (2D) e sistema tridimensionale (3D) con lo scopo di utilizzare tali cellule sul biosensore. La cocoltura 2D non ha mostrato generalmente alcun miglioramento nella sopravvivenza dei blasti, mentre al contrario le coculture 3D hanno fornito risultati interessanti: le MSC migrano nel gel e creano complessi cluster di cellule che attirano le cellule leucemiche e, cosa più importante in questo complesso, le cellule LLA e le MSC sono in grado di comunicare. In questo studio il sistema 2D non è riuscito a prolungare la sopravvivenza in vitro delle cellule LLA e un modello 3D che mima l'organizzazione del midollo osseo potrebbe essere l'opzione migliore.
TERAPIA DI PRECISIONE PER LA LEUCEMIA LINFOBLASTICA ACUTA PEDIATRICA BCR-ABL-LIKE: SVILUPPO DI UN SISTEMA IN VITRO PER LA DIAGNOSI E IL MONITORAGGIO CLINICO / Montecchini, Oksana. - (2021 Oct 15).
TERAPIA DI PRECISIONE PER LA LEUCEMIA LINFOBLASTICA ACUTA PEDIATRICA BCR-ABL-LIKE: SVILUPPO DI UN SISTEMA IN VITRO PER LA DIAGNOSI E IL MONITORAGGIO CLINICO
MONTECCHINI, OKSANA
2021-10-15
Abstract
Pediatric BCR-ABL like (BAL) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a novel subtype of leukemias, identified through similarity in gene expression to BCR-ABL positive ALL. BAL is associated with the activation of ABL or JAK-STAT pathways and presents a high risk of early relapse. Since BAL is a subgroup of tyrosine kinase-driven ALL, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) might be a therapeutic option for these patients. Here we report a novel peptide biosensor (PABL)-ELISA assay to investigate ABL activity in four immortalized leukemic cell lines with different genetic background. The PABL sequence comprises an ABL tyrosine (Y) phosphorylation site and a targeting sequence which increases the specificity for ABL; additional peptides (Y-site-mutated (PABL-F) and fully-phosphorylated biosensor (PPHOSPHO-ABL)) were included in the assay. After incubation with whole cell lysates, average PABL phosphorylation was significantly increased (basal versus PABL phosphorylation: 6.84 ± 1.46% vs 32.44 ± 3.25%, p-value < 0.0001, two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post-test, percentages relative to PPHOSPHO-ABL in each cell line). Lines expressing ABL-chimeric proteins (K562, ALL-SIL) presented the higher TK activity on PABL; a lower signal was instead observed for NALM6 and REH (p<0.001 and p<0.05 versus K562, respectively). Phosphorylation was ABL-mediated, as demonstrated by the specific inhibition of imatinib (p<0.001 for K562, NALM6, ALL-SIL and p<0.01 for REH) in contrast to ruxolitinib (JAK2-inhibitor), and occurred on the ABL Y-site, as demonstrated by PABL-F whose phosphorylation was comparable to basal levels. While requiring further optimization and validation in leukemic blasts to be of clinical interest, the PABL-based ELISA assay provides a novel in vitro tool for screening ABL activity in BAL ALL leukemic cells and the potential response to TK inhibitors. In the context of JAK2 pathway, a small sequence belonging to the SH2 domain of STAT5 identified from literature was proposed as peptide biosensor (P1JAK2) and from computational studies it provided the specific interactions for binding with JAK2. Interestingly P1JAK2 showed higher computationally estimated binding capacity than a second peptide (P2JAK2), described in literature. P1JAK2 comprises only the reporter and the sequence needs to be optimized. Further analysis with SPR will be performed to validate these results. In this thesis the biosensor assay was limited to cell lines, given the difficulties in obtaining and culturing primary human ALL cells. In collaboration with Prof. Den Boer at the Princess Maxima center for Pediatric Oncology (Utrecht, The Netherlands) attempts were made to optimize an ex vivo co-culture using mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and ALL cells on a two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) system. 2D co-culture showed generally no improvement in blasts survival. 3D-cocultures provided better results: MSCs migrate into the gel and create complex cluster of cells attracting leukemic cells and most important in this complex ALL cells and MSCs were able to communicate. In this study the 2D system failed to prolong ALL in vitro survival and a 3D model mimicking the bone marrow organization might be the best option.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Montecchini thesis final.pdf
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