Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are a heterogeneous family of enzymes involved in plenty of different cellular functions related to the Ubiquitin Proteasome System, in particular with the degradation of unrequired, damaged, and misfolded proteins. For this reason, they play an essential role in the regulation of the eukaryotic proteome and thus are essential for cellular homeostasis and survival. The human genome encodes approximately 100 different DUBs, most of which are cysteine-dependent isopeptidases with highly conserved catalytic domains. Since various DUB members are commonly overexpressed in numerous tumor lines, the development of DUBs inhibitors has become the focus of recent trends in drug discovery aimed at improving current cancer therapies. In this scenario, our research group previously demonstrated that a partially selective inhibitor (2c), containing a reactive 1,5-diaryl-3-oxo-1,4-pentadiene group as a Michael acceptor, inhibits multiple cellular nucleophilic targets, including several DUBs, and triggers a proapoptotic response in different types of tumours with micromolar IC50. We also demonstrated that its cytotoxicity is directly related to the electrophilicity of both -carbon atoms of the cross-conjugated dienone, as a further evidence of an irreversible inhibition mechanism that occurs via alkylation of the catalytic cysteine. However, if on the one hand the wide number of biological targets of 2c contributes to boost its overall in vivo activity, on the other this indiscriminate reactivity could be disadvantageous due to the rise of possible adverse side effects. A typical strategy to address this common issue is the conjugation of non-specific covalent inhibitors with molecular fragments aimed at improving their selectivity simultaneously toward the enzyme’s catalytic site and cancer cells. Based on these results, in the first part of the project the compound 2c was selected for further lead optimization. These modifications resulted in the functionalization of the inhibitor scaffold with different amino acids such as lysine, arginine, serine, alanine, aspartic and glutamic acid. Some of these derivatives were subsequently used as building blocks for the synthesis of longer peptides containing the functionalized inhibitor, mainly based on Arg-Gly-Asp, Lys-Gly-Asp and GnRH-1 sequences. Each product was obtained via conventional peptide chemistry procedures by means of repeated steps of coupling, purification, and deprotection from the parent inhibitor. The resulting structures, generally known as Peptide-Drug Conjugates (PDCs), are emerging as powerful tools for targeted drug delivery, particularly useful for the treatment of tumours that overexpress the related peptide receptors. The second part of this thesis was focused on the early stages of drug discovery aimed at identifying novel inhibitors of DUBs with potential antitumoral activity. These structures are based on different electrophilic Michael acceptors specific for the alkylation of cysteine-dependent proteases, such as alpha,beta-unsaturated esters, alkynes, and vinyl sulfones. Further conjugation of the acceptor to small peptides resembling the terminal sequence of the substrate (ubiquitin) is expected to increase the binding affinity of the inhibitor for the binding site of the target enzyme, thus resulting in a higher selectivity. For this reason, all the candidates were obtained as ubiquitin-mimetic pseudopeptides, with the terminal carboxylic group of the sequence replaced by the covalent modifier. In summary, this work presents an efficient, versatile, and reproducible protocol for the synthesis of 22 novel potential DUBs inhibitors with promising antineoplastic activity. All the compounds were isolated as products of multistep reactions in modest to very good yields. These reactions also led to the isolation and characterization of 30 intermediate products that could be useful for future developments.

Le deubiquitinasi ricoprono un ruolo essenziale nella regolazione del proteoma delle cellule eucariotiche, risultando essenziali all’omeostasi e alla sopravvivenza cellulare. L’organismo umano codifica approssimativamente un centinaio di diverse deubiquitinasi, la maggior parte delle quali sono proteasi cisteiniche aventi un dominio catalitico ben conservato tra i vari membri. Dal momento che alcuni membri sono sovraespressi in numerosi tipi di cellule tumorali, una branca molto fertile di ricerca riguarda proprio lo sviluppo di nuovi inibitori specifici per le deubiquitinasi quali potenziali farmaci antitumorali. In questo scenario, il nostro gruppo di ricerca ha precedentemente descritto come un inibitore parzialmente selettivo (2c), contenente il gruppo 1,5-diaril-3-osso-1,4-pentadienilico quale accettore di Michael, induca l’inibizione di svariati bersagli molecolari nucleofili, in particolar modo di molteplici deubiquitinasi. Questo composto si è mostrato anche in grado di indurre una risposta proapoptotica in diverse linee di cellule tumorali nel range micromolare. È stato inoltre dimostrato che la citotossicità del 2c è direttamente correlata all’elettrofilicità dei due atomi di carbonio  del sistema coniugato del dienone. Questa evidenza ha ulteriormente confermato come l’inibizione delle deubiquitinasi da parte del 2c avvenga tramite alchilazione del gruppo tiolico della cisteina catalitica. Se, da un lato, questo ampio spettro di attività biologiche conferisce a tale inibitore una spiccata efficacia in vivo, d’altra parte, però, questa promiscua reattività potrebbe essere la causa di possibili effetti avversi. Un tipico approccio per superare questo problema, comune alla maggior parte degli inibitori covalenti, consiste nella coniugazione di questi ultimi con frammenti molecolari finalizzati a migliorarne la selettività, sia verso il sito attivo dell’enzima bersaglio sia verso le cellule tumorali. Sulla base di queste considerazioni, la prima parte del progetto è stata focalizzata sulla ottimizzazione della struttura 2c: si sono in questo modo ottenuti vari derivati dell’inibitore, il cui scaffold è stato funzionalizzato con amminoacidi quali lisina, arginina, alanina, acido aspartico e acido glutammico. Alcuni di questi prodotti sono stati successivamente impiegati come reattivi di partenza per la sintesi di catene peptidiche contenenti l’inibitore funzionalizzato, basate in particolar modo su sequenze di Arg-Gly-Asp, Lys-Gly-Asp e GnRH-1. Questa serie di composti è stata ottenuta a partire dal 2c per mezzo di sequenziali passaggi di sintesi peptidica, purificazione e deprotezione. Tali derivati peptidici, conosciuti generalmente con il termine “farmaco peptide-coniugato” (Peptide Drug Conjugates, PCDs), costituiscono un’emergente classe di fionde molecolari per il rilascio mirato di farmaci all’interno dell’organismo, potenzialmente efficaci per il trattamento di tumori che sovraesprimono tali recettori peptidici. La seconda parte della tesi è stata invece focalizzata sullo sviluppo di nuovi inibitori covalenti delle deubiquitinasi con promettente attività antitumorale, basati su differenti accettori di Michael specifici per proteasi tioliche, quali esteri alfa,beta-insaturi, alchini e vinil solfoni. La coniugazione di tali accettori con sequenze peptidiche che mimano la sequenza terminale del substrato dell’enzima (ubiquitina) dovrebbe risultare in una maggiore selettività dell’inibitore verso il sito di legame dell’enzima bersaglio. Per questo motivo, tutti i candidati sono stati ottenuti come pseudopeptidi ispirati alla struttura dell’ubiquitina

Progettazione, Sintesi e Ottimizzazione di Potenziali Inibitori delle Deubiquitinasi con Promettente Attività Antitumorale / Vidali, Mattia. - (2022 Mar 14).

Progettazione, Sintesi e Ottimizzazione di Potenziali Inibitori delle Deubiquitinasi con Promettente Attività Antitumorale

VIDALI, MATTIA
2022-03-14

Abstract

Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are a heterogeneous family of enzymes involved in plenty of different cellular functions related to the Ubiquitin Proteasome System, in particular with the degradation of unrequired, damaged, and misfolded proteins. For this reason, they play an essential role in the regulation of the eukaryotic proteome and thus are essential for cellular homeostasis and survival. The human genome encodes approximately 100 different DUBs, most of which are cysteine-dependent isopeptidases with highly conserved catalytic domains. Since various DUB members are commonly overexpressed in numerous tumor lines, the development of DUBs inhibitors has become the focus of recent trends in drug discovery aimed at improving current cancer therapies. In this scenario, our research group previously demonstrated that a partially selective inhibitor (2c), containing a reactive 1,5-diaryl-3-oxo-1,4-pentadiene group as a Michael acceptor, inhibits multiple cellular nucleophilic targets, including several DUBs, and triggers a proapoptotic response in different types of tumours with micromolar IC50. We also demonstrated that its cytotoxicity is directly related to the electrophilicity of both -carbon atoms of the cross-conjugated dienone, as a further evidence of an irreversible inhibition mechanism that occurs via alkylation of the catalytic cysteine. However, if on the one hand the wide number of biological targets of 2c contributes to boost its overall in vivo activity, on the other this indiscriminate reactivity could be disadvantageous due to the rise of possible adverse side effects. A typical strategy to address this common issue is the conjugation of non-specific covalent inhibitors with molecular fragments aimed at improving their selectivity simultaneously toward the enzyme’s catalytic site and cancer cells. Based on these results, in the first part of the project the compound 2c was selected for further lead optimization. These modifications resulted in the functionalization of the inhibitor scaffold with different amino acids such as lysine, arginine, serine, alanine, aspartic and glutamic acid. Some of these derivatives were subsequently used as building blocks for the synthesis of longer peptides containing the functionalized inhibitor, mainly based on Arg-Gly-Asp, Lys-Gly-Asp and GnRH-1 sequences. Each product was obtained via conventional peptide chemistry procedures by means of repeated steps of coupling, purification, and deprotection from the parent inhibitor. The resulting structures, generally known as Peptide-Drug Conjugates (PDCs), are emerging as powerful tools for targeted drug delivery, particularly useful for the treatment of tumours that overexpress the related peptide receptors. The second part of this thesis was focused on the early stages of drug discovery aimed at identifying novel inhibitors of DUBs with potential antitumoral activity. These structures are based on different electrophilic Michael acceptors specific for the alkylation of cysteine-dependent proteases, such as alpha,beta-unsaturated esters, alkynes, and vinyl sulfones. Further conjugation of the acceptor to small peptides resembling the terminal sequence of the substrate (ubiquitin) is expected to increase the binding affinity of the inhibitor for the binding site of the target enzyme, thus resulting in a higher selectivity. For this reason, all the candidates were obtained as ubiquitin-mimetic pseudopeptides, with the terminal carboxylic group of the sequence replaced by the covalent modifier. In summary, this work presents an efficient, versatile, and reproducible protocol for the synthesis of 22 novel potential DUBs inhibitors with promising antineoplastic activity. All the compounds were isolated as products of multistep reactions in modest to very good yields. These reactions also led to the isolation and characterization of 30 intermediate products that could be useful for future developments.
14-mar-2022
FELLUGA, FULVIA
34
2020/2021
Settore CHIM/06 - Chimica Organica
Università degli Studi di Trieste
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11368/3015401
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