Nowadays, jellyfish can not be considered secondary characters as happened in the past. It is more and more evident that gelatinous zooplankton play a major role in the ecosystems with numerous links in the food webs. With this thesis, we aimed at addressing the dynamics between gelatinous zooplankton and a peculiar subclass of parasites, the Digenea, crucial to determine the role of jellyfish (intermediate host) as a link or transmitter of these parasites from the benthic compartment (gastropods, first host) to the pelagic compartment (fish, definitive hosts). Even more crucial if we consider the noticeable increase of blooms in the last decades. The increase in number and biomass of jellyfish could favor the transmission of these parasites to the upper levels of the trophic webs. Potentially, this could lead to a higher number of digenean parasites in fish and gastropods, with still uncharted effects on their physiology, and an overall increase of these parasites in the ecosystems. Simultaneously, few information on fish-jellyfish feeding interactions is available at the current state of the art. This thesis aimed at exploiting its brand-new parasitological data about jellyfish digeneans as a useful tool to better estimate the trophic position of jellyfish in the ecosystems and the interactions between fish and gelatinous organisms in the area (feeding on jellyfish is needed for Digenea to close their life cycle), potentially providing new hints and integrating other studies based on trophic ecology traditional methods (gut contents and stable isotopes analysis of fish). The core part of the PhD, focusing on investigating for the first time the dynamics of these parasites in the gelatinous zooplankton of the Gulf of Trieste, showed that every gelatinous zooplankton species resulted to be host to digenean parasites despite sampling location and month. The majority of parasites belonged to the genus Clavogalea, a first record for this genus in jellyfish, and a first record in the Mediterranean Sea. The second genus found, Opechona, has already been observed in jellyfish, but never in the Mediterranean Sea. The high prevalence of parasites recorded in every species (>80%) in the Gulf of Trieste, suggests that the gelatinous zooplankton is an important second intermediate host for lepocreadiid digeneans and therefore plays a key role in their life cycle in the investigated area. Our findings also support the hypothesis that these gelatinous species are an important part in the diet of teleost fish, which are reported as definitive hosts of lepocreadiids, since trophic transmission is necessary for these parasites to complete their life cycles. The project on fish parasites, aimed to find the definitive hosts of these two digenean species, did not record any Clavogalea, leaving the life cycle of this organisms still unclear. Opechona sp. individuals have been found in Scomber scombrus but the intensities recorded in Aequorea forskalea were so low that it would be hard to theorize a stable trophic relation between Scomber scombrus and the hydromedusa. At the same time, the absence of Clavogalea sp. (much more abundant in Aequorea forskalea. compared to Opechona sp.) in Scomber scombrus would suggest that the fish got the parasites from another intermediate host. Last, during this PhD, morphological and functional anatomy of the gastrovascular system of Rhizostoma pulmo (Macri 1778) was investigated in detail by using a brand-new protocol (created by us), involving innovative techniques never adopted in jellyfish science: resin endocasts and 3D X-ray computed microtomography. Concluding, this work has been a first step in jellyfish parasitology and jellyfish ecology in the north Adriatic since it started investigating and shedding light on the huge hole of knowledge about this topic and opened numerous questions that still need to be addressed.

Al giorno d’oggi le meduse, e il plancton gelatinoso in generale, non possono più essere considerati personaggi secondari come accaduto in passato, è sempre più evidente che questi organismi giocano un ruolo chiave negli ecosistemi con numerosi collegamenti nella rete trofica. Con questo dottorato, l’obiettivo è stato investigare le dinamiche tra il plancton gelatinoso e una particolare sottoclasse di parassiti, i Digenea, per determinare il ruolo delle meduse (ospite intermedio) come link o trasmettitore di questi parassiti dal comparto bentonico (gasteropode, primo ospite) a quello pelagico (pesci, ospiti definitivi). Ancora più cruciale se consideriamo il notevole aumento di bloom negli ultimi decenni. L’aumento di numero e biomassa di meduse potrebbe andare a favorire la trasmissione di questi parassiti ai livelli più alti delle reti trofiche. Questo potrebbe portare a un aumento del numero di parassiti nei pesci e nei gasteropodi, con imprevedibili effetti sul loro metabolismo, ed a un generale aumento di questi parassiti negli ecosistemi. Questa tesi mira anche a sfruttare questi nuovi dati parassitologici come uno strumento per meglio determinare la posizione delle meduse negli ecosistemi e le interazioni tra pesci e plancton gelatinoso (la predazione pesce-medusa è fondamentale per i digenei per chiudere il proprio ciclo vitale), integrando altri studi basati sui metodi tradizionali di ecologia trofica. La parte centrale del PhD, incentrata sull’investigare per la prima volta le dinamiche di questi parassiti nel plancton gelatinoso del golfo di Trieste, ha mostrato che ogni specie del plancton gelatinoso è risultata essere ospite di parassiti digenei, a prescindere dal luogo e periodo di campionamento. La maggioranza di parassiti è risultata appartenere al genere Clavogalea, una prima descrizione per questo genere nelle meduse e prima osservazione di questo parassita nel mar Mediterraneo. Il secondo genere trovato, Opechona, è già stato descritto in meduse ma mai nel Mediterraneo. L’alta prevalenza di parassiti registrata in ogni specie (>80%) nel golfo di Trieste suggerisce che il plancton gelatinoso è un importante secondo ospite intermedio per digenei lepocreadidi e gioca quindi un ruolo importante per i loro cicli vitali nell’area investigata. I nostri risultati supportano anche l’ipotesi che queste specie gelatinose siano una parte importante della dieta dei pesci, ospiti definitivi dei lepocreadidi, in quanto il trasferimento trofico è necessario per questi parassiti per chiudere il loro ciclo vitale. Il progetto sui parassiti di pesci, finalizzato a identificare gli ospiti definitivi di queste due specie di digenei, ha per ora dato esito negativo per quanto riguarda Clavogalea, lasciando il ciclo vitale di questi organismi ancora indefinito. Individui del genere Opechona sono invece stati trovati in Scomber scombrus ma le basse intensità riscontrate in Aequorea forskalea rendono difficile teorizzare una relazione trofica stabile tra queste due specie. Allo stesso tempo, l’assenza di esemplari adulti di Clavogalea sp. (molto più abbondanti di Opechona sp. in Aequorea forskalea) negli sgombri suggeriscono che questo pesce ha ottenuto tali digenei da un altro secondo ospite intermedio. In ultimo, durante questo PhD, l’anatomia morfologica e funzionale del sistema gastrovascolare di Rhizostoma pulmo (Macri 1778) è stata investigata tramite la creazione e l’utilizzo di un inedito protocollo con tecniche innovative mai adottate nella ricerca su meduse: endocast in resina e analisi microtomografica 3D a raggi X. Concludendo, questo lavoro è stato un primo passo verso il completare il quadro riguardante i parassiti di meduse e l’ecologia di queste ultime nel nord Adriatico, investigando e facendo luce sul grande buco di conoscenza riguardo questi argomenti e, al tempo stesso, aprendo numerosi punti interrogativi che necessitano di essere affrontati.

Relazioni biologiche ed ecologiche tra meduse e i loro parassiti nel golfo di Trieste (Italia) / Motta, Gregorio. - (2022 Sep 23).

Relazioni biologiche ed ecologiche tra meduse e i loro parassiti nel golfo di Trieste (Italia).

MOTTA, GREGORIO
2022-09-23

Abstract

Nowadays, jellyfish can not be considered secondary characters as happened in the past. It is more and more evident that gelatinous zooplankton play a major role in the ecosystems with numerous links in the food webs. With this thesis, we aimed at addressing the dynamics between gelatinous zooplankton and a peculiar subclass of parasites, the Digenea, crucial to determine the role of jellyfish (intermediate host) as a link or transmitter of these parasites from the benthic compartment (gastropods, first host) to the pelagic compartment (fish, definitive hosts). Even more crucial if we consider the noticeable increase of blooms in the last decades. The increase in number and biomass of jellyfish could favor the transmission of these parasites to the upper levels of the trophic webs. Potentially, this could lead to a higher number of digenean parasites in fish and gastropods, with still uncharted effects on their physiology, and an overall increase of these parasites in the ecosystems. Simultaneously, few information on fish-jellyfish feeding interactions is available at the current state of the art. This thesis aimed at exploiting its brand-new parasitological data about jellyfish digeneans as a useful tool to better estimate the trophic position of jellyfish in the ecosystems and the interactions between fish and gelatinous organisms in the area (feeding on jellyfish is needed for Digenea to close their life cycle), potentially providing new hints and integrating other studies based on trophic ecology traditional methods (gut contents and stable isotopes analysis of fish). The core part of the PhD, focusing on investigating for the first time the dynamics of these parasites in the gelatinous zooplankton of the Gulf of Trieste, showed that every gelatinous zooplankton species resulted to be host to digenean parasites despite sampling location and month. The majority of parasites belonged to the genus Clavogalea, a first record for this genus in jellyfish, and a first record in the Mediterranean Sea. The second genus found, Opechona, has already been observed in jellyfish, but never in the Mediterranean Sea. The high prevalence of parasites recorded in every species (>80%) in the Gulf of Trieste, suggests that the gelatinous zooplankton is an important second intermediate host for lepocreadiid digeneans and therefore plays a key role in their life cycle in the investigated area. Our findings also support the hypothesis that these gelatinous species are an important part in the diet of teleost fish, which are reported as definitive hosts of lepocreadiids, since trophic transmission is necessary for these parasites to complete their life cycles. The project on fish parasites, aimed to find the definitive hosts of these two digenean species, did not record any Clavogalea, leaving the life cycle of this organisms still unclear. Opechona sp. individuals have been found in Scomber scombrus but the intensities recorded in Aequorea forskalea were so low that it would be hard to theorize a stable trophic relation between Scomber scombrus and the hydromedusa. At the same time, the absence of Clavogalea sp. (much more abundant in Aequorea forskalea. compared to Opechona sp.) in Scomber scombrus would suggest that the fish got the parasites from another intermediate host. Last, during this PhD, morphological and functional anatomy of the gastrovascular system of Rhizostoma pulmo (Macri 1778) was investigated in detail by using a brand-new protocol (created by us), involving innovative techniques never adopted in jellyfish science: resin endocasts and 3D X-ray computed microtomography. Concluding, this work has been a first step in jellyfish parasitology and jellyfish ecology in the north Adriatic since it started investigating and shedding light on the huge hole of knowledge about this topic and opened numerous questions that still need to be addressed.
23-set-2022
TERLIZZI, ANTONIO
34
2020/2021
Settore BIO/05 - Zoologia
Università degli Studi di Trieste
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11368/3030494
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