La proporzione sanzionatoria nella triangolazione tra giudici comuni, Corte costituzionale e Corte di Giustizia

The paper traces recent developments on the safeguard of proportionality of punishment in the case law of the Italian Constitutional Court and of the Court of Justice of the European Union, also from the very perspective of the relationship between these two Courts and between them and ordinary courts. Highlighted in this contribution are above all the constitutional aspects of this safeguard: from its legal qualification to its scope; from the constitutional remedies available to the individual to the stages of the constitutional adjudication on proportionality of punishment.