The World Health Organisation has listed a number of pathogens that are resistant to most antibiotics and are responsible for most nosocomial infections. These pathogens are referred to by the acronym ESKAPE: E. faecium, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. New drugs that overcome the antibiotic resistance of these pathogens are urgently needed. Great hopes rest on antimicrobial proline-rich peptides (PrAMPs). PrAMPs have potent and specific antimicrobial activity, penetrate certain bacterial species, bind to prokaryotic ribosomes, and inhibit protein synthesis. PrAMPs are currently being optimised to overcome one of their major limitations, namely their spectrum of activity limited to certain bacterial species, with the goal of developing new antibiotics. In screening libraries of short mammalian PrAMPs, peptide B7-005 was selected because it exhibits effective antimicrobial activity even at low concentrations, is insensitive to serum proteases, and preliminary data indicate low cytotoxicity to eukaryotic cells. The results suggest that B7-005 has a lower propensity to develop resistance in E. coli than other antibiotics and PrAMP. B7-005 was active in all Gram-positive and Gram-negative ESKAPE reference strains. Growth of the nosocomial pathogens of concern, K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii, was inhibited by B7-005 in the low micromolar range. B7-005 also inhibited P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. faecium, bacterial species that are often unaffected by native PrAMPs because they lack the bacterial SbmA transporter used by these peptides to enter the bacterial cytosol. B7-005 not only inhibited the growth of most ESKAPEs, but also actively killed these pathogens. Large interspecies differences in efficacy, killing time, and concentration threshold were observed. To verify whether bacterial death was due to a non-lytic killing mechanism, as would be expected with a PrAMP, cell membrane integrity and the presence of the intracellular peptide were monitored by flow cytometry, and a fluorescent derivative of B7-005. B7-005 was observed in the cytoplasm of E. coli and K. pneumoniae cells, whereas the bacterial membrane remained intact. In contrast, cells of other ESKAPE bacterial species exposed to B7-005 showed destabilisation of the membrane and decreased internalisation of the peptide. To ensure that the membrane-permeabilizing activity of B7-005 observed in some ESKAPE was not associated with increased cytotoxicity, biocompatibility tests were performed with various human cells. Normal primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were tolerant to the peptide even at high concentrations and more tolerant than even immortalised HaCaT keratinocytes, the A549 lung cancer line, and MEC-1 leukaemia cells. The overall results are consistent with literature data indicating that AMPs often affect tumour cells more than non-tumour cells, mainly due to their different membrane composition. In addition, in vivo cytotoxicity tests were performed to evaluate the biocompatibility of B7-005 in the more complex system of Zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio). B7-005 was found to be safe for fish up to very high millimolar concentrations, i.e., a dose far from both micromolar concentrations defined as toxic to eukaryotic cells in vitro, but even more from bactericidal concentrations. The study shows that the peptide B7-005 is an antimicrobial compound with a low propensity to develop bacterial resistance, has a broad spectrum of activity against ESKAPEs, is well tolerated by normal human cells, and is not toxic in an in vivo system such as Zebrafish larvae. B7-005 thus overcomes some of the limitations of AMPs as a therapeutic molecule and is therefore a good candidate for use as a first line of defence against some of the pathogens of concern to human health.

L'Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità ha elencato alcuni patogeni resistenti alla maggior parte degli antibiotici e responsabili della maggior parte delle infezioni nosocomiali. Questi patogeni sono indicati con l'acronimo ESKAPE: E. faecium, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa ed Enterobacter spp. Sono urgentemente necessari nuovi farmaci che superino la resistenza agli antibiotici di questi patogeni. Grandi speranze sono rivolte ai peptidi antimicrobici ricchi di proline (PrAMP). I PrAMP presentano un'attività antimicrobica potente e specifica, penetrano in alcune specie batteriche, si legano ai ribosomi procariotici e inibiscono la sintesi proteica. I PrAMP vengono attualmente ottimizzati per superare uno dei loro più grandi limiti, ovvero lo spettro d’azione limitato solo ad alcune specie di batteri, con il fine ultimo di sviluppare nuovi antibiotici. Nello screening di librerie di PrAMP corti di mammiferi, è stato selezionato il peptide B7-005 perché presenta attività antimicrobica efficace anche a basse concentrazioni, insensibilità alle proteasi del siero e dei dati preliminare hanno suggerito una bassa citotossicità nei confronti delle cellule eucariotiche. I risultati indicano che B7-005 ha una minore propensione a selezionare la resistenza in E. coli rispetto ad altri antibiotici e PrAMP. B7-005 è risultato attivo su tutti i ceppi di riferimento ESKAPE gram-positivi e gram-negativi. La crescita dei preoccupanti patogeni nosocomiali K. pneumoniae e A. baumannii è stata inibita dal B7-005 in un intervallo micromolare basso. Il B7-005 ha inibito la crescita anche di P. aeruginosa, S. aureus ed E. faecium, specie batteriche che spesso non vengono influenzate dai PrAMP nativi, poiché mancano del trasportatore batterico SbmA, sfruttato da questi peptidi per entrare nel citosol batterico. Il B7-005 non solo ha inibito la crescita della maggior parte delle ESKAPE, ma ha anche ucciso attivamente questi patogeni. Tra le specie sono state riscontrate grandi differenze in termini di efficacia, tempo di uccisione e soglia di concentrazione. Per verificare se la morte batterica fosse dovuta a un meccanismo di uccisione non litico, come ci si aspetterebbe per un PrAMP, l'integrità della membrana cellulare e la presenza del peptide intracellulare sono state monitorate mediante citometria a flusso e un derivato fluorescente del B7-005. il B7-005 è stato osservato nel citoplasma delle cellule di E. coli e K. pneumoniae, lasciando allo stesso tempo intatta la membrana batterica. Mentre le cellule delle altre specie di batteri ESKAPE esposte al B7-005 hanno mostrato una destabilizzazione delle membrane, e una ridotta internalizzazione del peptide. Per garantire che l'attività permeabilizzante di membrana di B7-005 osservata in alcune ESKAPE non fosse accompagnata da un aumento della citotossicità, sono stati eseguiti test di biocompatibilità su diverse cellule umane. Le normali cellule endoteliali primarie della vena ombelicale umana (HUVEC) sono risultate tolleranti al peptide anche ad alte concentrazioni e più tolleranti anche dei cheratinociti immortalizzati HaCaT, della linea tumorale polmonare A549 e delle cellule leucemiche MEC-1. I risultati complessivi sono coerenti con i dati della letteratura che indicano che gli AMP spesso colpiscono le cellule tumorali più di quelle non tumorali, principalmente a causa della loro diversa composizione di membrana. Inoltre, sono stati eseguiti test di citotossicità in vivo per valutare la biocompatibilità di B7-005 nel sistema più complesso delle larve di Zebrafish (Danio rerio). B7-005 si è dimostrato sicuro per i pesci fino a concentrazioni millimolari elevate, cioè una dose molto distante sia dalle concentrazionie micromolari definite tossiche per le cellule eucariotiche in vitro, ma ancora di più da quelle battericide.

Il peptide antimicrobico B7-005: biocompatibilità, modalità d'azione e attività antimicrobica contro i patogeni ESKAPE / DI STASI, Adriana. - (2023 Mar 24).

Il peptide antimicrobico B7-005: biocompatibilità, modalità d'azione e attività antimicrobica contro i patogeni ESKAPE

DI STASI, ADRIANA
2023-03-24

Abstract

The World Health Organisation has listed a number of pathogens that are resistant to most antibiotics and are responsible for most nosocomial infections. These pathogens are referred to by the acronym ESKAPE: E. faecium, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. New drugs that overcome the antibiotic resistance of these pathogens are urgently needed. Great hopes rest on antimicrobial proline-rich peptides (PrAMPs). PrAMPs have potent and specific antimicrobial activity, penetrate certain bacterial species, bind to prokaryotic ribosomes, and inhibit protein synthesis. PrAMPs are currently being optimised to overcome one of their major limitations, namely their spectrum of activity limited to certain bacterial species, with the goal of developing new antibiotics. In screening libraries of short mammalian PrAMPs, peptide B7-005 was selected because it exhibits effective antimicrobial activity even at low concentrations, is insensitive to serum proteases, and preliminary data indicate low cytotoxicity to eukaryotic cells. The results suggest that B7-005 has a lower propensity to develop resistance in E. coli than other antibiotics and PrAMP. B7-005 was active in all Gram-positive and Gram-negative ESKAPE reference strains. Growth of the nosocomial pathogens of concern, K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii, was inhibited by B7-005 in the low micromolar range. B7-005 also inhibited P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. faecium, bacterial species that are often unaffected by native PrAMPs because they lack the bacterial SbmA transporter used by these peptides to enter the bacterial cytosol. B7-005 not only inhibited the growth of most ESKAPEs, but also actively killed these pathogens. Large interspecies differences in efficacy, killing time, and concentration threshold were observed. To verify whether bacterial death was due to a non-lytic killing mechanism, as would be expected with a PrAMP, cell membrane integrity and the presence of the intracellular peptide were monitored by flow cytometry, and a fluorescent derivative of B7-005. B7-005 was observed in the cytoplasm of E. coli and K. pneumoniae cells, whereas the bacterial membrane remained intact. In contrast, cells of other ESKAPE bacterial species exposed to B7-005 showed destabilisation of the membrane and decreased internalisation of the peptide. To ensure that the membrane-permeabilizing activity of B7-005 observed in some ESKAPE was not associated with increased cytotoxicity, biocompatibility tests were performed with various human cells. Normal primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were tolerant to the peptide even at high concentrations and more tolerant than even immortalised HaCaT keratinocytes, the A549 lung cancer line, and MEC-1 leukaemia cells. The overall results are consistent with literature data indicating that AMPs often affect tumour cells more than non-tumour cells, mainly due to their different membrane composition. In addition, in vivo cytotoxicity tests were performed to evaluate the biocompatibility of B7-005 in the more complex system of Zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio). B7-005 was found to be safe for fish up to very high millimolar concentrations, i.e., a dose far from both micromolar concentrations defined as toxic to eukaryotic cells in vitro, but even more from bactericidal concentrations. The study shows that the peptide B7-005 is an antimicrobial compound with a low propensity to develop bacterial resistance, has a broad spectrum of activity against ESKAPEs, is well tolerated by normal human cells, and is not toxic in an in vivo system such as Zebrafish larvae. B7-005 thus overcomes some of the limitations of AMPs as a therapeutic molecule and is therefore a good candidate for use as a first line of defence against some of the pathogens of concern to human health.
24-mar-2023
SCOCCHI, MARCO
35
2021/2022
Settore BIO/10 - Biochimica
Università degli Studi di Trieste
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11368/3042424
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