Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a debilitating inflammatory skin disease clinically characterized by nodules, abscesses, and fistulae in apocrine gland-rich skin. The pathogenesis of HS is complex and multifactorial in which a close interaction of genetic, immunological, infectious, and hormonal factors has been identified, although the exact molecular mechanisms underlying this condition have not yet been fully characterized. A further level of complexity is the fact that HS can commonly occur in combination with other disorders, resulting in syndromic variants in which HS is a characteristic skin manifestation. The aim of this work was to increase knowledge regarding the aetiopathogenesis of HS and its syndromic forms (PASH, PAPASH, PASH/SAPHO) by means of -omics approaches. To discover genetic alterations more closely related to the etiopathogenesis of PASH and PAPASH syndromes by identifying novel cell signalling pathways, we performed a whole-exome sequencing approach with a novel 'pathway enrichment' pipeline that led us to unravel four cell signalling pathways shared by all patients: (i) vitamin D metabolism, (ii) keratinization, (iii) cornified envelope formation and (iv) steroid metabolism. The analysis was then extended to check how these four pathways were altered by all functional mutations in each patient; the vitamin D metabolism and keratinization pathways showed a high density of variants thus confirming that dysfunctions in vitamin D metabolism seem to be crucial in the pathogenesis of PASH and PAPASH syndromes and corroborating the recent view that HS and its syndromic forms can be considered as a potential subtype of autoinflammatory keratinization disease. To establish a first genotype-phenotype correlation in ten patients with the major syndromic forms of HS, we performed a whole-exome study. Four PASH patients, who had also gut inflammation, presented three different variants in the NOD2 gene, two variants in OTULIN and one variant in GJB2, while three patients with PAPASH and three with PASH/SAPHO, with concomitant joint inflammation, had two different variants in the NCSTN gene, one in WDR1 and PSTPIP1 and two variants in NLRC4, one of which was also present in a patient with a mixed phenotype characterized by both gut and joint inflammation. This study represents a first preliminary step for a genotype-phenotype correlation and confirms the polygenic autoinflammatory nature of syndromic HS, in this context closely related to joint and gut inflammation. Furthermore, the involvement of keratin pathway-related genes allowed us to confirm that a genetically disrupted keratinization pathway may contribute to the pathogenesis of skin inflammation in syndromic HS. We then developed 'Variant Enrichment Analysis' (VEA) pipeline, identifying, in twelve HS syndromic patients, alterations in pathways related to the homeostasis/activation of neutrophils and endothelial cells, leading us to hypothesise that dysregulated transendothelial migration of neutrophils may result in increased neutrophil infiltration and tissue damage, reflecting the classification of HS and its syndromic forms into neutrophilic dermatoses, conditions characterised by an accumulation of neutrophils in the skin and, rarely, in internal organs, which share clinicopathological aspects with autoinflammatory diseases.

L’idrosadenite suppurativa è una patologia infiammatoria cutanea altamente debilitante caratterizzata dalla presenza di noduli, ascessi e fistole in regioni corporee ricche di ghiandole apocrine. La patogenesi dell’HS è complessa e multifattoriale e in essa è stata identificata una stretta interazione di fattori genetici, immunologici, infettivi e ormonali, sebbene gli esatti meccanismi molecolari alla base di questi fenomeni non siano stati ancora completamente caratterizzati. Un ulteriore livello di complessità è dato dal fatto che comunemente l’HS può manifestarsi anche in combinazione con altri disordini dando luogo a varianti sindromiche in cui l’HS rappresenta una manifestazione cutanea caratteristica. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è stato quello di aumentare le conoscenze relative all’eziopatogenesi dell’HS e delle sue varianti sindromiche (PASH, PAPASH, PASH/SAPHO) tramite approcci di natura -omica. Al fine di scoprire alterazioni genetiche più strettamente correlate all'eziopatogenesi delle sindromi PASH e PAPASH, identificando nuove vie di segnalazione cellulare, abbiamo eseguito un approccio di sequenziamento dell'intero esoma con una nuova pipeline di "pathway enrichment" ci ha portato a scoprire quattro vie di segnalazione cellulare condivise da tutti i pazienti: i) metabolismo della vitamina D, ii) cheratinizzazione, iii) formazione dell'involucro cornificato e iv) metabolismo degli steroidi. L'analisi è stata poi estesa per verificare come queste quattro vie del segnale fossero alterate da tutte le mutazioni funzionali in ciascun paziente; le vie del metabolismo della vitamina D e della cheratinizzazione presentavano un'alta densità di varianti confermando così che le disfunzioni del metabolismo della vitamina D sembrano essere cruciali nella patogenesi delle sindromi PASH e PAPASH e corroborando la recente opinione secondo cui l'HS e le sue forme sindromiche possono essere considerate come un potenziale sottotipo di malattia autoinfiammatoria della cheratinizzazione. Per cercare di stabilire una prima correlazione genotipo-fenotipo in dieci pazienti affetti dalle principali forme sindromiche di HS abbiamo effettuato uno studio dell’intero esoma. Quattro pazienti con PASH, che presentavano anche un'infiammazione intestinale, mostravano tre diverse varianti nel gene NOD2, due varianti in OTULIN e una variante in GJB2, mentre tre pazienti con PAPASH e tre con PASH/SAPHO, con concomitante infiammazione articolare, presentavano due diverse varianti nel gene NCSTN, una in WDR1 e PSTPIP1 e due varianti in NLRC4, una delle quali era presente anche in un paziente con fenotipo misto caratterizzato sia da infiammazione intestinale che articolare. Questo studio rappresenta un primo passo preliminare per una correlazione genotipo-fenotipo e conferma la natura autoinfiammatoria poligenica dell'HS sindromica, in questo contesto strettamente correlata all'infiammazione articolare e intestinale. Inoltre, il coinvolgimento di geni legati alla via della cheratinizzazione ci ha permesso di confermare che una via di cheratinizzazione geneticamente disturbata può contribuire alla patogenesi dell'infiammazione cutanea nell'HS sindromica. Abbiamo poi sviluppato “Variant Enrichment Analysis” (VEA) identificando nei nostri pazienti alterazioni nei pathways correlati all'omeostasi/attivazione dei neutrofili e delle cellule endoteliali, portandoci a ipotizzare che la migrazione transendoteliale sregolata dei neutrofili possa provocare un aumento dell'infiltrazione neutrofilica e del danno tissutale, riflettendo la classificazione dell'HS e delle sue forme sindromiche nelle dermatosi neutrofiliche, condizioni caratterizzate da un accumulo di neutrofili nella cute e, raramente, negli organi interni, che condividono aspetti clinicopatologici con le malattie autoinfiammatorie.

Approcci -omici per rivelare l'eziopatogenesi dell'Idrosadenite Suppurativa / Moltrasio, Chiara. - (2023 Mar 24).

Approcci -omici per rivelare l'eziopatogenesi dell'Idrosadenite Suppurativa

MOLTRASIO, CHIARA
2023-03-24

Abstract

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a debilitating inflammatory skin disease clinically characterized by nodules, abscesses, and fistulae in apocrine gland-rich skin. The pathogenesis of HS is complex and multifactorial in which a close interaction of genetic, immunological, infectious, and hormonal factors has been identified, although the exact molecular mechanisms underlying this condition have not yet been fully characterized. A further level of complexity is the fact that HS can commonly occur in combination with other disorders, resulting in syndromic variants in which HS is a characteristic skin manifestation. The aim of this work was to increase knowledge regarding the aetiopathogenesis of HS and its syndromic forms (PASH, PAPASH, PASH/SAPHO) by means of -omics approaches. To discover genetic alterations more closely related to the etiopathogenesis of PASH and PAPASH syndromes by identifying novel cell signalling pathways, we performed a whole-exome sequencing approach with a novel 'pathway enrichment' pipeline that led us to unravel four cell signalling pathways shared by all patients: (i) vitamin D metabolism, (ii) keratinization, (iii) cornified envelope formation and (iv) steroid metabolism. The analysis was then extended to check how these four pathways were altered by all functional mutations in each patient; the vitamin D metabolism and keratinization pathways showed a high density of variants thus confirming that dysfunctions in vitamin D metabolism seem to be crucial in the pathogenesis of PASH and PAPASH syndromes and corroborating the recent view that HS and its syndromic forms can be considered as a potential subtype of autoinflammatory keratinization disease. To establish a first genotype-phenotype correlation in ten patients with the major syndromic forms of HS, we performed a whole-exome study. Four PASH patients, who had also gut inflammation, presented three different variants in the NOD2 gene, two variants in OTULIN and one variant in GJB2, while three patients with PAPASH and three with PASH/SAPHO, with concomitant joint inflammation, had two different variants in the NCSTN gene, one in WDR1 and PSTPIP1 and two variants in NLRC4, one of which was also present in a patient with a mixed phenotype characterized by both gut and joint inflammation. This study represents a first preliminary step for a genotype-phenotype correlation and confirms the polygenic autoinflammatory nature of syndromic HS, in this context closely related to joint and gut inflammation. Furthermore, the involvement of keratin pathway-related genes allowed us to confirm that a genetically disrupted keratinization pathway may contribute to the pathogenesis of skin inflammation in syndromic HS. We then developed 'Variant Enrichment Analysis' (VEA) pipeline, identifying, in twelve HS syndromic patients, alterations in pathways related to the homeostasis/activation of neutrophils and endothelial cells, leading us to hypothesise that dysregulated transendothelial migration of neutrophils may result in increased neutrophil infiltration and tissue damage, reflecting the classification of HS and its syndromic forms into neutrophilic dermatoses, conditions characterised by an accumulation of neutrophils in the skin and, rarely, in internal organs, which share clinicopathological aspects with autoinflammatory diseases.
24-mar-2023
D'ADAMO, ADAMO PIO
35
2021/2022
Settore MED/05 - Patologia Clinica
Università degli Studi di Trieste
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11368/3043678
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