The presence of a microbiome in healthy uterus has long been a matter of debate. Until a few years ago, the placenta was thought to be a sterile tissue, therefore, the amniotic cavity and the fetus were also supposed to be sterile. A multitude of recent studies exploiting high-throughput sequencing technologies has challenged this paradigm, proposing that the placenta harbors a unique microbiome, neither the fetus, therefore, nor the amniotic fluid are sterile, and that acquisition of microbes begins in utero. In this context, the aim of this study is to characterize, using the Next-Generation Sequencing technique, fetus-placental bacteriome in the early stages of pregnancy and to compare it with that of other maternal districts (rectal, vaginal, oral). In addition, the immune profile of the fetus-placental complex and vaginal environment was investigated. In this study, 60 women, afferent to IRCCS Burlo Garofolo for the execution of villocentesis or amniocentesis, were enrolled. A total of 240 biological samples was analyzed, including chorionic villi (CVS, n= 23) and amniotic fluid samples (AF, n=37), and the matched samples including vaginal swabs, rectal swabs, and saliva samples. From the microbiome analysis, 12 (32%) AF samples and 10 (44%) CVS samples tested positive for the presence of bacterial DNA. The identified bacteria in the positive CVS and AF samples belonged to commensal and opportunistic pathogens of the reproductive tract and of the oral cavity (Lactobacillus and Streptococcus). When looking at a possible predisposing microbiome of maternal body districts to the colonization of CVS and AF, we found a decrease of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius in saliva samples matched to CVS and AF tested positive for the presence of bacterial DNA. To note, this probiotic species is able to inhibit immune activation by oral dysbiosis and periodontal disease pathogens. In vaginal samples, the most evident result was the decrease of Lactobacillus crisptaus in the samples matched to the CVS/AF samples that tested positive for the presence of bacteria compared to the samples matched to the negative CVS/AF samples. As shown by previous studies, L. crispatus shows a potential role to inhibit dysbiotic vaginal microbiome and infectious inflammation. Lastly, to compare the immune profile of fetus-placental complex and that of vaginal environment, the concentration of 27 soluble immune proteins, was measured in the AF/CVS samples and vaginal swabs. In particular, markers of intraamniotic inflammation, such as IL-8 and G-CSF, were increased in presence of bacterial DNA in the AF samples. Conversely, an immune hyporesponsiveness in the vaginal swabs matched to the positive AF samples was observed, suggesting, in according to previous studies, that the mother, placenta, and fetus all possess unique innate immune systems. To conclude, this study, confirms, for the first time, the presence of bacterial DNA in fetus-placental complex in the early stages of pregnancy, supporting the hypothesis of an in utero microbiome. The results from our pilot study show that the placenta can be colonized not only from the urogenital route but also from the oral route, suggesting hematogenous access. In addition, we speculate that the immune hyporesponsiveness in the vaginal milieu could contribute to the bacterial DNA translocation in the amniotic fluid where, in absence of an ongoing infection, the up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines was revealed. Further studies are needed to understand the variations in placental microbiome-induced metabolic pathways and their role in pregnancy outcomes.
La presenza di un microbioma nell'utero sano è un argomento molto discusso. Per lungo tempo si è ritenuto che la placenta fosse un organo sterile. Recenti studi condotti utilizzando tecniche di sequenziamento di nuova generazione su tessuto uterino e placentale hanno dimostrato che sia l’utero che la placenta ospitano un “proprio microbioma”. Pertanto, lo scopo di questo studio è di caratterizzare, utilizzando la tecnica del 16S rRNA Next-Generation Sequencing, il batterioma feto-placentare nelle prime fasi della gravidanza e di confrontarlo con quello di altri distretti materni (rettale, vaginale, orale). Inoltre, è stato studiato il profilo immunitario del complesso feto-placentare e dell'ambiente vaginale. In questo studio sono state arruolate 60 donne, afferenti al Burlo Garofolo per l'esecuzione di villocentesi o amniocentesi. È stato analizzato un totale di 240 campioni biologici, composti da campioni di villi coriali (CVS, n= 23), e campioni di liquido amniotico (AF, n=37), e i corrispondenti tamponi vaginali, tamponi rettali e campioni di saliva. Dall'analisi del microbioma, sono risultati positivi per la presenza di DNA batterico 12 (32%) campioni AF e 10 (44%) campioni CVS. I batteri identificati nei campioni positivi di CVS e di AF appartenevano a patogeni commensali e opportunisti del tratto riproduttivo e del cavo orale (Lactobacillus e Streptococcus). Nell’evidenziare un possibile microbioma predisponente alla colonizzazione di CVS e AF negli altri distretti materni, è stata osservata una diminuzione del probiotico S. salivarius nei campioni di saliva abbinati ai CVS e AF risultati positivi per la presenza di batteri. È noto che questa specie probiotica è in grado di inibire la risposta infiammatoria indotta da disbiosi orale e dalla presenza di patogeni associati a malattie parodontali. Nei campioni vaginali, il risultato più evidente è stato la diminuzione di abbondanza relativa di Lactobacillus crisptaus (L. crispatus) nei tamponi vaginali abbinati ai campioni CVS/AF risultati positivi per la presenza di batteri. Come dimostrato da studi precedenti, L. crispatus mostra un potenziale ruolo nell'inibire la disbiosi vaginale, e la diminuzione di questo batterio nell'ambiente vaginale durante la gravidanza è stata associata a un rischio maggiore di infezione e parto pre-termine. Per confrontare il profilo immunitario del complesso feto-placentare con quello dell'ambiente vaginale, è stata misurata la concentrazione di 27 proteine immunitarie solubili, comprese citochine Th1/proinfiammatorie e Th2/antinfiammatorie, chemochine e fattori trofici, nei campioni CVS/AF e nei tamponi vaginali. É stato osservato un significativo aumento di concentrazione di due fattori pro-infiammatori, IL-8 e G-CSF, in presenza di DNA batterico nei campioni di liquido amniotico. Al contrario, è stata osservata un'iporeattività immunitaria nei tamponi vaginali abbinati ai campioni di liquido amniotico risultati positivi alla presenza di batteri, suggerendo una diversa risposta immunitaria nei due ambienti. In conclusione, questo studio conferma, per la prima volta, la presenza di DNA batterico nel complesso feto-placentare nelle prime fasi della gravidanza, supportando l'ipotesi di un microbioma in utero. I risultati del nostro studio pilota dimostrano che la placenta può essere colonizzata non solo dalla via urogenitale ma anche dalla via orale, suggerendo un accesso ematogeno. Inoltre, ipotizziamo che l'iporeattività immunitaria osservata nell'ambiente vaginale possa contribuire alla traslocazione del DNA batterico nel liquido amniotico dove, in assenza di un'infezione in corso, è stata rivelata la sovra-regolazione di due citochine infiammatorie. Comunque, sono necessari ulteriori studi per comprendere i cambiamenti dei processi metabolici indotti dal microbioma feto-placentale e il loro ruolo nell'esito della gravidanza.
Characterization of chorionic villus microbiome in the first trimester and of the amniotic fluid microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy: relationship with the vaginal, rectal and oral maternal microbiome / Zanotta, Nunzia. - (2023 Mar 24).
Characterization of chorionic villus microbiome in the first trimester and of the amniotic fluid microbiome in the second trimester of pregnancy: relationship with the vaginal, rectal and oral maternal microbiome.
ZANOTTA, NUNZIA
2023-03-24
Abstract
The presence of a microbiome in healthy uterus has long been a matter of debate. Until a few years ago, the placenta was thought to be a sterile tissue, therefore, the amniotic cavity and the fetus were also supposed to be sterile. A multitude of recent studies exploiting high-throughput sequencing technologies has challenged this paradigm, proposing that the placenta harbors a unique microbiome, neither the fetus, therefore, nor the amniotic fluid are sterile, and that acquisition of microbes begins in utero. In this context, the aim of this study is to characterize, using the Next-Generation Sequencing technique, fetus-placental bacteriome in the early stages of pregnancy and to compare it with that of other maternal districts (rectal, vaginal, oral). In addition, the immune profile of the fetus-placental complex and vaginal environment was investigated. In this study, 60 women, afferent to IRCCS Burlo Garofolo for the execution of villocentesis or amniocentesis, were enrolled. A total of 240 biological samples was analyzed, including chorionic villi (CVS, n= 23) and amniotic fluid samples (AF, n=37), and the matched samples including vaginal swabs, rectal swabs, and saliva samples. From the microbiome analysis, 12 (32%) AF samples and 10 (44%) CVS samples tested positive for the presence of bacterial DNA. The identified bacteria in the positive CVS and AF samples belonged to commensal and opportunistic pathogens of the reproductive tract and of the oral cavity (Lactobacillus and Streptococcus). When looking at a possible predisposing microbiome of maternal body districts to the colonization of CVS and AF, we found a decrease of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius in saliva samples matched to CVS and AF tested positive for the presence of bacterial DNA. To note, this probiotic species is able to inhibit immune activation by oral dysbiosis and periodontal disease pathogens. In vaginal samples, the most evident result was the decrease of Lactobacillus crisptaus in the samples matched to the CVS/AF samples that tested positive for the presence of bacteria compared to the samples matched to the negative CVS/AF samples. As shown by previous studies, L. crispatus shows a potential role to inhibit dysbiotic vaginal microbiome and infectious inflammation. Lastly, to compare the immune profile of fetus-placental complex and that of vaginal environment, the concentration of 27 soluble immune proteins, was measured in the AF/CVS samples and vaginal swabs. In particular, markers of intraamniotic inflammation, such as IL-8 and G-CSF, were increased in presence of bacterial DNA in the AF samples. Conversely, an immune hyporesponsiveness in the vaginal swabs matched to the positive AF samples was observed, suggesting, in according to previous studies, that the mother, placenta, and fetus all possess unique innate immune systems. To conclude, this study, confirms, for the first time, the presence of bacterial DNA in fetus-placental complex in the early stages of pregnancy, supporting the hypothesis of an in utero microbiome. The results from our pilot study show that the placenta can be colonized not only from the urogenital route but also from the oral route, suggesting hematogenous access. In addition, we speculate that the immune hyporesponsiveness in the vaginal milieu could contribute to the bacterial DNA translocation in the amniotic fluid where, in absence of an ongoing infection, the up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines was revealed. Further studies are needed to understand the variations in placental microbiome-induced metabolic pathways and their role in pregnancy outcomes.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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