Although the significant and novel applications offered by the scientific advance in nanotechnology, there is an urgent need to shed a light on the possible harmful effects of general exposure to nanomaterials. To this aim, my Ph.D. research contributed to this branch by investigating the toxicological accumulation of polymeric nanoparticles distributed in the environment in two cell line models, representative of the immune and the reproduction systems. Different physiochemical properties may influence the nanomaterials’ toxicity outcomes, and this work was conceived to unravel the effects of a new persistent environmental pollutant: nanoplastics on human health. It was worth noting that it has been recently demonstrated that polymer-based nanoparticles might induce macromolecular homeostasis impairment. The research activity was carried out using advanced, synchrotron-based X-ray microscopy and fluorescence (XRM, and XRF), together with Fourier Transform Infrared micro-spectroscopy (FTIR) and imaging, conventional techniques (light fluorescence microscopy), and laboratory tests (cell viability, lipid staining). We performed imaging based and spectroscopic analyses by using Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM) coupled with Low-Energy X-ray Fluorescence (LEXRF), and FTIR techniques operating at TwinMic and Chem-SISSI beamlines, Elettra Synchrotron Trieste, Italy, respectively. The aim was to set up both a model of environmental nanoplastics and an in vitro model, monocytes-activated-macrophages (THP-1 cell line) to investigate the toxicity in the immune system when cells were exposed to representative experimental concentrations of cadmium selenide quantum dots (CdSe-QDs) labelled polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride nanoplastics (PP-, PVC-NPs), a novel model chemically synthetized and characterised by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy. Although the cell viability was not significantly compromised by the experimental concentrations and time exposure conditions, nanoplastics were responsible for the morphological and lipid metabolism alterations in macrophages. LEXRF mode allowed to track the selenium L-line of the CdSe-QDs, labelling nanoplastics, by exciting the specimen at 1.7 keV energy, a compromise to visualise the Se distribution map, and other low-Z elements. The analyses permitted to follow the NPs across the cells at sub-micron spatial resolution, whose localisation was in good agreement with the light fluorescence microscopy, and provided the cell status interpretation of Na, C, O, Mg elemental maps. The macrophages (phenotype M1) treated with polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride, compared to the control, showed a severe morphological alteration, visible through absorption and phase contrast images and it was clearly related to the nanoparticles’ phagocytosis. This study also found out that nanoplastics exposure caused an increase of lipid droplet contents in the form of bright vesicles in imaging techniques, a hallmark of macrophagic activation and oxidative stress. These results were confirmed by performing a laboratory staining test for lipid droplets in all the treatment conditions. The results obtained with this multidisciplinary approach allowed to pave the way for a deeper understanding of the toxicological accumulation of a rising nanopollutant in human cell models.

Nonostante le significative e nuove applicazioni offerte dal progresso scientifico delle nanotecnologie, è urgente fare luce sui possibili effetti nocivi dell'esposizione generale ai nanomateriali. A questo scopo, la mia ricerca di dottorato ha contribuito in questo settore studiando l'accumulo tossicologico di nanoparticelle polimeriche distribuite nell'ambiente in due modelli di linea cellulare, rappresentativi del sistema immunitario e di quello riproduttivo. Le diverse proprietà fisico-chimiche possono influenzare gli effetti della tossicità dei nanomateriali e questo lavoro è stato concepito per svelare gli effetti sulla salute umana di un nuovo inquinante ambientale persistente: le nanoplastiche. È stato dimostrato di recente che le nanoparticelle a base di polimeri possono indurre un'alterazione dell'omeostasi macromolecolare. L'attività di ricerca è stata condotta utilizzando la microscopia a raggi X e la fluorescenza (XRM e XRF) avanzate, con luce di sincrotrone, insieme alla micro-spettroscopia e all'imaging FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared microspectroscopy), a tecniche convenzionali (microscopia a fluorescenza) e a test di laboratorio (vitalità cellulare, colorazione lipidica). Abbiamo eseguito analisi di imaging e spettroscopiche utilizzando tecniche STXM (Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy) accoppiate a LEXRF (Low-Energy X-ray Fluorescence) e FTIR rispettivamente presso le linee di luce a TwinMic e Chem-SISSI, Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Italia. L'obiettivo è stato quello di sintetizzare sia un modello di nanoplastica ambientale sia un modello in vitro, monociti attivati in macrofagi (linea cellulare THP-1), per studiare la tossicità sul sistema immunitario quando le cellule sono state esposte a concentrazioni sperimentali rappresentative di polipropilene e cloruro di polivinile marcate con quantum dots di cadmio selenuro (CdSe-QDs PP-NPs, CdSe-QDs PVC-NPs), un nuovo modello sintetizzato e caratterizzato dal Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italia. Sebbene la vitalità cellulare non sia stata significativamente compromessa dalle concentrazioni sperimentali e dalle condizioni di esposizione temporale, le nanoplastiche hanno indotto delle alterazioni morfologiche e del metabolismo lipidico nei macrofagi. La modalità di fluorescenza a raggi X a bassa energia ha permesso di tracciare la linea L del selenio dei CdSe-QDs, legati alle nanoplastiche, eccitando il campione a un'energia di 1,7 keV, un compromesso per visualizzare la mappa di distribuzione del Se, e altri elementi a basso peso atomico. Le analisi hanno permesso di seguire le NPs attraverso le cellule con una risoluzione spaziale sub-micrometrica, la cui localizzazione era in buon accordo con la microscopia a fluorescenza ottica, e hanno fornito l'interpretazione dello stato cellulare delle mappe elementari di Na, C, O, Mg. I macrofagi (fenotipo M1) trattati con polipropilene e cloruro di polivinile, rispetto al controllo, hanno mostrato una grave alterazione morfologica, visibile attraverso immagini di assorbimento e contrasto di fase, chiaramente correlata alla fagocitosi delle nanoparticelle. Questo studio ha anche scoperto che l'esposizione alle nanoparticelle ha causato un aumento del contenuto di gocce lipidiche sotto forma di vescicole bianche nelle tecniche di imaging, un segno distintivo dell'attivazione dei macrofagi e dello stress ossidativo. Questi risultati sono stati confermati eseguendo un test di colorazione di laboratorio per le goccioline lipidiche in tutte le condizioni di trattamento.I risultati ottenuti con questo approccio multidisciplinare permettono di fare luce ad una comprensione più profonda dell’accumulo tossicologico dei nano inquinanti emergenti in modelli cellulari umani.

Approcci avanzati per investigare la tossicità delle nanoplastiche nel sistema immunitario e riproduttivo / Zingaro, Federica. - (2024 Feb 09).

Approcci avanzati per investigare la tossicità delle nanoplastiche nel sistema immunitario e riproduttivo

ZINGARO, FEDERICA
2024-02-09

Abstract

Although the significant and novel applications offered by the scientific advance in nanotechnology, there is an urgent need to shed a light on the possible harmful effects of general exposure to nanomaterials. To this aim, my Ph.D. research contributed to this branch by investigating the toxicological accumulation of polymeric nanoparticles distributed in the environment in two cell line models, representative of the immune and the reproduction systems. Different physiochemical properties may influence the nanomaterials’ toxicity outcomes, and this work was conceived to unravel the effects of a new persistent environmental pollutant: nanoplastics on human health. It was worth noting that it has been recently demonstrated that polymer-based nanoparticles might induce macromolecular homeostasis impairment. The research activity was carried out using advanced, synchrotron-based X-ray microscopy and fluorescence (XRM, and XRF), together with Fourier Transform Infrared micro-spectroscopy (FTIR) and imaging, conventional techniques (light fluorescence microscopy), and laboratory tests (cell viability, lipid staining). We performed imaging based and spectroscopic analyses by using Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM) coupled with Low-Energy X-ray Fluorescence (LEXRF), and FTIR techniques operating at TwinMic and Chem-SISSI beamlines, Elettra Synchrotron Trieste, Italy, respectively. The aim was to set up both a model of environmental nanoplastics and an in vitro model, monocytes-activated-macrophages (THP-1 cell line) to investigate the toxicity in the immune system when cells were exposed to representative experimental concentrations of cadmium selenide quantum dots (CdSe-QDs) labelled polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride nanoplastics (PP-, PVC-NPs), a novel model chemically synthetized and characterised by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy. Although the cell viability was not significantly compromised by the experimental concentrations and time exposure conditions, nanoplastics were responsible for the morphological and lipid metabolism alterations in macrophages. LEXRF mode allowed to track the selenium L-line of the CdSe-QDs, labelling nanoplastics, by exciting the specimen at 1.7 keV energy, a compromise to visualise the Se distribution map, and other low-Z elements. The analyses permitted to follow the NPs across the cells at sub-micron spatial resolution, whose localisation was in good agreement with the light fluorescence microscopy, and provided the cell status interpretation of Na, C, O, Mg elemental maps. The macrophages (phenotype M1) treated with polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride, compared to the control, showed a severe morphological alteration, visible through absorption and phase contrast images and it was clearly related to the nanoparticles’ phagocytosis. This study also found out that nanoplastics exposure caused an increase of lipid droplet contents in the form of bright vesicles in imaging techniques, a hallmark of macrophagic activation and oxidative stress. These results were confirmed by performing a laboratory staining test for lipid droplets in all the treatment conditions. The results obtained with this multidisciplinary approach allowed to pave the way for a deeper understanding of the toxicological accumulation of a rising nanopollutant in human cell models.
9-feb-2024
36
2022/2023
Settore FIS/07 - Fisica Applicata(Beni Culturali, Ambientali, Biol.e Medicin)
Università degli Studi di Trieste
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11368/3069226
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