Tumors develop through genetic and epigenetic changes that alter cell proliferation, and selection of reprogrammed cells that adapt to the changing micro-environmental conditions (e.g. physical constraints, nutrient fluctuation, hypoxia and oxidative stress). In healthy tissues, normal cells are able to recognize and restrain the growth of cells bearing cancer-driving mutations, through “cell competition”, an evolutionarily conserved process by which fitter cells outcompete less fit cells. Nonetheless, during aging, clones of cells bearing cancer-driving mutations accumulate in many tissues, and some of these clones may evolve into malignancy. Certain conditions associated with aging, such as inflammation and stiffening of the extracellular matrix (ECM), have been shown to alter cell competition and thus favor tissue colonization by cells bearing cancer-driving mutations. This suggests that tissue micro- environmental cues could regulate cell competition and thus the growth of pre-malignant cells. However, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood, and their knowledge may provide opportunities to interfere with tumor initiation and evolution. TP53 is one of the most frequently mutated genes in cancer, with a high prevalence of oncogenic missense mutations (mutp53), and mutp53 pre-malignant cell clones have been shown to accumulate during aging in different tissues, including esophagus, skin and breast. Notably, work in our laboratory showed that, in cancer cells, micro-environmental cues, including mechanical stress caused by ECM stiffening, play a key role in stabilization/activation of mutp53, and activated mutp53 rewires cell transcriptome and proteome, thus fostering cell proliferation, metastasis and chemoresistance. Based on this evidence we posit that, in mutp53 pre-malignant cells, ECM mechanical stimuli could promote mutp53 stabilization/activity and thus a transcriptional program that allows pre-malignant cells to outcompete normal neighbors. To study the impact of ECM stiffening on the competition between mutp53 pre-malignant and normal cells, we generated human mammary epithelial cell lines expressing either wild-type p53 and H2B-mCherry (wt/Ch) fluorescent protein, or expressing missense mutant HA::p53R175H and GFP (mutp53/GFP), under the control of a doxycycline-inducible promoter. These cell lines were used to establish cell competition assays, by co-cultures on substrates with either physiological stiffness typical of mammary tissue (1 kPa), supra-physiological stiffness (4 kPa), pathological stiffness typical of mammary tumors (8 and 50 kPa), or hyperstiff (plastic). The results of these assays showed that ECM stiffening promoted a competitive growth advantage of mutp53/GFP over H2B-mCherry cells, and the latter were eliminated by cell death. We investigated the underlying mechanisms, by isolating the mutp53/GFP and wt/Ch cells from co-culture on stiff substrate, and analyzing genes differentially expressed, by transcriptomics. We found that, in mutp53/GFP cells outcompeting wt/Ch neighboring cells, ECM stiffness led to activation of the YAP transcription co-factor, a key regulator of mechano-signaling, and YAP bound mutp53. This resulted in the activation of a mup53/YAP transcriptional program, associated with increased mutp53/GFP cell proliferation. We also investigated pathways specifically upregulated in co-cultured vs mono-cultured wt/Ch cells, and found that wt/Ch outcompeted by mutp53/GFP cells displayed activation of wt p53 and ferroptotic cell death. Our results suggest that, upon ECM stiffening, mutp53 cells hijack the process of cell competition, thus becoming “super-competitors” that expand at the expense of surrounding wt cells. We further provide evidence that this process could depend on an ECM stiffness-stimulated mup53/YAP transcriptional program. Interfering with this program may thus tilt competition in favor of normal cells and suppress tumor initiation.
Lo sviluppo dei tumori si basa sull’accumulo di cambiamenti (epi)genetici, che modificano la proliferazione delle cellule, unitamente alla selezione di quelle che si adattano ai cambiamenti fisici e metabolici (ipossia, stress ossidativo, fluttuazione di nutrienti) del tessuto. Le cellule normali sono in grado di riconoscere quelle in cui compaiono mutazioni pro-oncogeniche, e di limitarne la proliferazione tramite il processo di competizione cellulare. Questo è un processo biologico evolutivamente conservato, in cui cellule che si adattano meglio alle condizioni (micro)ambientali eliminano quelle meno adatte. Tuttavia, in molti tessuti apparentemente normali, cellule con mutazioni pro-oncogeniche si accumulano con l’età. Recentemente, è stato dimostrato che alterazioni tissutali associate all’invecchiamento, quali infiammazione ed aumento della rigidità della matrice extracellulare, possono alterare la competizione cellulare, promuovendo la proliferazione di cellule con mutazioni pro-oncogeniche. Identificare i meccanismi di questa alterazione potrebbe quindi fornire opportunità per inibire la tumorigenesi. Tra le più frequenti mutazioni pro-oncogeniche vi sono quelle, prevalentemente di tipo missenso, nel gene TP53, e cellule con queste mutazioni si accumulano con l’età anche in diversi tessuti (esofago, pelle, mammella) apparentemente normali. Studi nel nostro laboratorio hanno mostrato che nei tumori, in risposta ad un aumento di rigidità della matrice extracellulare, proteine p53 con mutazioni missenso (mutp53) promuovono una riprogrammazione trascrizionale pro-oncogenica. Abbiamo quindi ipotizzato che un aumento di rigidità della matrice extracellulare possa attivare mutp53 in cellule pre-neoplastiche, con induzione di geni che le rendono più competitive. Per studiare l’impatto della rigidità della matrice extracellulare sulla competizione tra cellule normali e mutp53, abbiamo generato due linee di cellule derivate da epitelio mammario: una con espressione della forma normale di p53 (wt p53) e della proteina fluorescente rossa mCherry (wt\Ch), e una con espressione inducibile di mutp53 (con mutazione R175H) e GFP (mutp53/GFP). Abbiamo quindi messo a punto saggi di competizione, co-coltivando le due linee su substrati con rigidità tipica del tessuto mammario normale (1 kPa), soprafisiologica (4 kPa), patologica (8 e 50 kPa) o su substrato iper-rigido (plastica). Abbiamo osservato che l’aumento di rigidità altera la competizione, favorendo le cellule mutp53/GFP rispetto alle cellule wt/Ch circostanti, che vanno incontro a morte. Per comprendere se ciò fosse associato ad una riprogrammazione trascrizionale da parte di mutp53, abbiamo quindi isolato le cellule wt/Ch e mutp53/GFP da co-colture e mono-colture su substrato ad alta rigidità (plastica), e ne abbiamo analizzato il trascrittoma. Nelle cellule mutp53/GFP, vi era attivazione del cofattore di trascrizione YAP, che controlla la risposta cellulare a stimoli meccanici, e questo interagiva con mutp53. La formazione del complesso proteico era associata all’induzione di geni le cui sequenze regolatrici sono bersaglio di mup53 e YAP, e ad aumento della proliferazione. Invece, nelle cellule wt/Ch co-coltivate con quelle mutp53/GFP, ma non in mono-coltura, abbiamo riscontrato attivazione di wt p53 ed induzione di geni che promuovono la morte cellulare. Questi risultati suggeriscono che in cellule pre-neoplastiche sottoposte stimoli meccanici causati da aumento di rigidità della matrice extracellulare, mutp53 in cooperazione con YAP riprogramma l’espressione genica, e questo ha un impatto sulla competizione con cellule normali, favorendo quelle pre-neoplastiche. Interferire con tale programma trascrizionale potrebbe quindi riequilibrare la competizione a favore delle cellule normali, e inibire la tumorigenesi.
La rigidità della matrice extracellulare rende cellule pre-neoplastiche con mutazioni in p53 super-competitive / Dezi, Clara. - (2024 Mar 14).
La rigidità della matrice extracellulare rende cellule pre-neoplastiche con mutazioni in p53 super-competitive
DEZI, CLARA
2024-03-14
Abstract
Tumors develop through genetic and epigenetic changes that alter cell proliferation, and selection of reprogrammed cells that adapt to the changing micro-environmental conditions (e.g. physical constraints, nutrient fluctuation, hypoxia and oxidative stress). In healthy tissues, normal cells are able to recognize and restrain the growth of cells bearing cancer-driving mutations, through “cell competition”, an evolutionarily conserved process by which fitter cells outcompete less fit cells. Nonetheless, during aging, clones of cells bearing cancer-driving mutations accumulate in many tissues, and some of these clones may evolve into malignancy. Certain conditions associated with aging, such as inflammation and stiffening of the extracellular matrix (ECM), have been shown to alter cell competition and thus favor tissue colonization by cells bearing cancer-driving mutations. This suggests that tissue micro- environmental cues could regulate cell competition and thus the growth of pre-malignant cells. However, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood, and their knowledge may provide opportunities to interfere with tumor initiation and evolution. TP53 is one of the most frequently mutated genes in cancer, with a high prevalence of oncogenic missense mutations (mutp53), and mutp53 pre-malignant cell clones have been shown to accumulate during aging in different tissues, including esophagus, skin and breast. Notably, work in our laboratory showed that, in cancer cells, micro-environmental cues, including mechanical stress caused by ECM stiffening, play a key role in stabilization/activation of mutp53, and activated mutp53 rewires cell transcriptome and proteome, thus fostering cell proliferation, metastasis and chemoresistance. Based on this evidence we posit that, in mutp53 pre-malignant cells, ECM mechanical stimuli could promote mutp53 stabilization/activity and thus a transcriptional program that allows pre-malignant cells to outcompete normal neighbors. To study the impact of ECM stiffening on the competition between mutp53 pre-malignant and normal cells, we generated human mammary epithelial cell lines expressing either wild-type p53 and H2B-mCherry (wt/Ch) fluorescent protein, or expressing missense mutant HA::p53R175H and GFP (mutp53/GFP), under the control of a doxycycline-inducible promoter. These cell lines were used to establish cell competition assays, by co-cultures on substrates with either physiological stiffness typical of mammary tissue (1 kPa), supra-physiological stiffness (4 kPa), pathological stiffness typical of mammary tumors (8 and 50 kPa), or hyperstiff (plastic). The results of these assays showed that ECM stiffening promoted a competitive growth advantage of mutp53/GFP over H2B-mCherry cells, and the latter were eliminated by cell death. We investigated the underlying mechanisms, by isolating the mutp53/GFP and wt/Ch cells from co-culture on stiff substrate, and analyzing genes differentially expressed, by transcriptomics. We found that, in mutp53/GFP cells outcompeting wt/Ch neighboring cells, ECM stiffness led to activation of the YAP transcription co-factor, a key regulator of mechano-signaling, and YAP bound mutp53. This resulted in the activation of a mup53/YAP transcriptional program, associated with increased mutp53/GFP cell proliferation. We also investigated pathways specifically upregulated in co-cultured vs mono-cultured wt/Ch cells, and found that wt/Ch outcompeted by mutp53/GFP cells displayed activation of wt p53 and ferroptotic cell death. Our results suggest that, upon ECM stiffening, mutp53 cells hijack the process of cell competition, thus becoming “super-competitors” that expand at the expense of surrounding wt cells. We further provide evidence that this process could depend on an ECM stiffness-stimulated mup53/YAP transcriptional program. Interfering with this program may thus tilt competition in favor of normal cells and suppress tumor initiation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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PhD Thesis - Clara Dezi last version.pdf
embargo fino al 14/03/2025
Descrizione: PhD Thesis - Clara Dezi last version
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