Intestinal epithelial cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), however, their role as target cells for drugs used in the clinical practice has not been elucidated. This project aims to establish an in vitro IBD model using human adult stem cell-derived organoids starting from intestinal biopsies of IBD (n=80) and non-IBD (n=15) paediatric patients to investigate the effects of thiopurines (azathioprine (AZA) and mercaptopurine (MP)) and glucocorticoids (GC) on intestinal epithelium. Intestinal organoids, obtained from both IBD and control patients, were sensitive to thiopurine treatment in a dose-dependent manner (Two-way ANOVA p<0.0001) with a high interpatient variability. A significant negative correlation was observed between the viability rates after AZA and MP exposure and the mRNA expression levels of candidate genes involved in thiopurines pharmacokinetic (ITPA, TPMT, PACSIN2 and NUDT15), suggesting that the different sensitivity to treatment may be related to the pharmacokinetics of these drugs and the production of inactive methylated metabolites by these enzymes. Indeed, the most abundant thiopurine metabolite measured by LC-MS/MS analysis on organoids treated with IC50 of MP was MeTIMP, which significant correlates with the percentage of viability obtained from the cell count after MP exposure (p=0.0056, ρ=-0.99). Proteomic analysis on organoids treated with IC20 of thiopurines showed 45 differentially expressed proteins in common between AZA and MP (p<0.05). REACTOME enrichment analysis revealed that the most involved pathways are related to vesicular traffic, autophagy, protein ubiquitination and interferon signalling, while no proteins related to apoptosis were induced. Among these proteins, TRIM32, a ubiquitin ligase involved in STING activity, resulted to be downregulated by the treatment (t-test AZA: p=0.0006; MP: p=0.014) and its basal levels negatively correlated with viability rates after thiopurine exposure (AZA: p=0.006, ρ=-0.85; MP: p=0.002, ρ=-0.88). The organoids exposure to thiopurines also decreased p-STING/STING ratio, particularly after MP treatment (t-test p=0.025) and increased autophagy, assessed as LC3-II levels (t-test AZA: p=0.0006; MP: p=0.014). Intestinal organoids exposed to GCs presented a poor dose-dependent cytotoxic response (Two-way ANOVA p<0.05). GC-target protein GILZ mRNA expression was higher in organoids derived from patients with active disease in comparison with patients with inactive disease at the time of colonoscopy (ANOVA p=0.006) and positive correlates with the serum C-reactive proteins levels (p=0.001, ρ=0.49) and disease activity score (p=0.039, ρ=0.30), suggesting its potential role as marker of disease and its severity. GCs were useful to set up a protocol to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of drugs on our cell model and to investigate mechanisms underlying GCs anti-inflammatory activity. Transcriptome analysis on organoids exposed to pro-inflammatory stimuli (TNFα, flagellin and IL1ß) and subsequently treated with GC revealed 14 deregulated genes in common between the two concentrations tested, many of them related to inflammation and IBD pathogenesis. Intestinal organoids were useful for the identification of a novel therapeutic target, CD70, whose mRNA expression levels were higher in IBD patients-derived organoids, in particular in ulcerative colitis patients, compared to control organoids (t-test p<0.05). The specific patient models obtained and the results of the pharmacological assays described will allow the development of personalised therapies and the identification of molecular targets for innovative therapies.

Le cellule epiteliali intestinali svolgono un ruolo chiave nella patogenesi delle malattie infiammatorie croniche intestinali (MICI), ma il loro ruolo come cellule bersaglio per i farmaci utilizzati nella pratica clinica non è stato chiarito. Questo progetto mira ad ottenere un modello in vitro di MICI utilizzando organoidi generati da cellule staminali adulte a partire da biopsie intestinali di pazienti pediatrici affetti da MICI (n=80) e non affetti da MICI (n=15) per studiare gli effetti delle tiopurine (azatioprina (AZA) e mercaptopurina (MP)) e dei glucocorticoidi (GC) sull'epitelio intestinale. Gli organoidi intestinali, ottenuti sia da pazienti con MICI che da quelli di controllo, sono risultati sensibili al trattamento con tiopurine in modo dose-dipendente (ANOVA a due vie p<0,0001) con un'elevata variabilità interpaziente. È stata osservata una significativa correlazione negativa tra il tasso di vitalità dopo l’esposizione ad AZA e MP e i livelli di espressione di geni candidati coinvolti nella farmacocinetica delle tiopurine (ITPA, TPMT, PACSIN2 e NUDT15), suggerendo che la diversa sensibilità al trattamento possa essere correlata alla farmacocinetica di questi farmaci e alla produzione di metaboliti metilati inattivi. Il metabolita più abbondante misurato mediante analisi LC-MS/MS sugli organoidi trattati con l’IC50 della MP è MeTIMP, che correla in modo significativo con la vitalità cellulare in seguito all’esposizione alla MP (p=0,0056, ρ=-0,99). L'analisi proteomica sugli organoidi trattati con l’IC20 delle tiopurine ha mostrato 45 proteine differenzialmente espresse in comune tra AZA e MP (p<0,05). L'analisi di arricchimento REACTOME ha rivelato che le vie maggiormente alterate sono legate al traffico vescicolare, all'autofagia, all'ubiquitinazione delle proteine e alla signalling dell'interferone, mentre non si assiste a un incremento dell’apoptosi. Tra queste proteine, l’espressione di TRIM32, una ubiquitin ligasi coinvolta nell'attività di STING, diminuisce con il trattamento (t-test AZA: p=0,0006; MP: p=0,014) e i suoi livelli basali correlano negativamente con la vitalità dopo l'esposizione ai farmaci (AZA: p=0,006, ρ=-0,85; MP: p=0,002, ρ=-0,88). Il trattamento con le tiopurine ha anche ridotto il rapporto p-STING/STING negli organoidi, in particolare la MP (t-test p=0,025), e aumentato l'autofagia, valutata come livelli di LC3-II (t-test AZA: p=0,0006; MP: p=0,014). Gli organoidi intestinali esposti ai GC presentano una scarsa risposta citotossica dose-dipendente (ANOVA a due vie p<0,05). L'espressione del gene target dei GC GILZ è risultata più elevata negli organoidi derivati da pazienti con malattia attiva rispetto a quelli con malattia inattiva al momento della colonscopia (ANOVA p=0,006) e correla positivamente con i livelli sierici di proteine C-reattiva (p=0,001, ρ=0,49) e con lo score di attività di malattia (p=0,039, ρ=0,30), suggerendone il potenziale ruolo come marcatore di malattia e della sua gravità. I GC sono stati utili per settare un protocollo per la valutazione dell'attività antinfiammatoria dei farmaci sugli organoidi e per studiare i meccanismi alla base dell'attività dei GC. L'analisi del trascrittoma su organoidi esposti a stimoli proinfiammatori (TNFα, flagellina e IL1ß) e successivamente trattati con GC ha rivelato 14 geni deregolati in comune tra le due concentrazioni testate, molti correlati all'infiammazione e alla patogenesi delle MICI. Gli organoidi intestinali sono stati utili per l'identificazione di un nuovo bersaglio terapeutico, CD70, i cui livelli di espressione dell'mRNA risultano essere più elevati negli organoidi derivati da pazienti affetti da colite ulcerosa rispetto agli organoidi di controllo (t-test p<0,05). I modelli pazienti specifici ottenuti ed i risultati di saggi farmacologici descritti permetteranno lo sviluppo di terapie personalizzate e l’identificazione di bersagli molecolari per terapie innovative.

Organoidi derivanti da pazienti affetti da malattie infiammatorie croniche intestinali per la medicina personalizzata / Muzzo, Antonella. - (2024 Mar 22).

Organoidi derivanti da pazienti affetti da malattie infiammatorie croniche intestinali per la medicina personalizzata

MUZZO, ANTONELLA
2024-03-22

Abstract

Intestinal epithelial cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), however, their role as target cells for drugs used in the clinical practice has not been elucidated. This project aims to establish an in vitro IBD model using human adult stem cell-derived organoids starting from intestinal biopsies of IBD (n=80) and non-IBD (n=15) paediatric patients to investigate the effects of thiopurines (azathioprine (AZA) and mercaptopurine (MP)) and glucocorticoids (GC) on intestinal epithelium. Intestinal organoids, obtained from both IBD and control patients, were sensitive to thiopurine treatment in a dose-dependent manner (Two-way ANOVA p<0.0001) with a high interpatient variability. A significant negative correlation was observed between the viability rates after AZA and MP exposure and the mRNA expression levels of candidate genes involved in thiopurines pharmacokinetic (ITPA, TPMT, PACSIN2 and NUDT15), suggesting that the different sensitivity to treatment may be related to the pharmacokinetics of these drugs and the production of inactive methylated metabolites by these enzymes. Indeed, the most abundant thiopurine metabolite measured by LC-MS/MS analysis on organoids treated with IC50 of MP was MeTIMP, which significant correlates with the percentage of viability obtained from the cell count after MP exposure (p=0.0056, ρ=-0.99). Proteomic analysis on organoids treated with IC20 of thiopurines showed 45 differentially expressed proteins in common between AZA and MP (p<0.05). REACTOME enrichment analysis revealed that the most involved pathways are related to vesicular traffic, autophagy, protein ubiquitination and interferon signalling, while no proteins related to apoptosis were induced. Among these proteins, TRIM32, a ubiquitin ligase involved in STING activity, resulted to be downregulated by the treatment (t-test AZA: p=0.0006; MP: p=0.014) and its basal levels negatively correlated with viability rates after thiopurine exposure (AZA: p=0.006, ρ=-0.85; MP: p=0.002, ρ=-0.88). The organoids exposure to thiopurines also decreased p-STING/STING ratio, particularly after MP treatment (t-test p=0.025) and increased autophagy, assessed as LC3-II levels (t-test AZA: p=0.0006; MP: p=0.014). Intestinal organoids exposed to GCs presented a poor dose-dependent cytotoxic response (Two-way ANOVA p<0.05). GC-target protein GILZ mRNA expression was higher in organoids derived from patients with active disease in comparison with patients with inactive disease at the time of colonoscopy (ANOVA p=0.006) and positive correlates with the serum C-reactive proteins levels (p=0.001, ρ=0.49) and disease activity score (p=0.039, ρ=0.30), suggesting its potential role as marker of disease and its severity. GCs were useful to set up a protocol to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of drugs on our cell model and to investigate mechanisms underlying GCs anti-inflammatory activity. Transcriptome analysis on organoids exposed to pro-inflammatory stimuli (TNFα, flagellin and IL1ß) and subsequently treated with GC revealed 14 deregulated genes in common between the two concentrations tested, many of them related to inflammation and IBD pathogenesis. Intestinal organoids were useful for the identification of a novel therapeutic target, CD70, whose mRNA expression levels were higher in IBD patients-derived organoids, in particular in ulcerative colitis patients, compared to control organoids (t-test p<0.05). The specific patient models obtained and the results of the pharmacological assays described will allow the development of personalised therapies and the identification of molecular targets for innovative therapies.
22-mar-2024
LUCAFÒ, MARIANNA
STOCCO, GABRIELE
36
2022/2023
Settore BIO/14 - Farmacologia
Università degli Studi di Trieste
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11368/3071831
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