The aim of this thesis was the development of new Carbon-Tungsten nanostructured hybrid materials that potentially can be used in many applications as, for example, first-wall material in fusion reactors, CO2 reduction, H2 production, chemiresistor to many hazardous and toxic gases. All the work has been performed in many laboratories of the IOM-CNR Institute, and it was partially funded by the energy company ENI. We produced many carbon nanostructures (CNs), including isolated SWCNTs, sp2 dendritic 3-dimensional thin films, carbon nanofibers and CNTs with controlled length and density, that were used as substrate to synthetize novel C/W hybrids. Our results show that the W deposition via DCMS allows to preserve the pristine CN’s morphology, thus proving an effective method to obtain different hybrid C/W NS. In the case of CNT forest, depending on tube density and thickness, W can uniformly wet the tubes, or can form a not-uniform coating, up to the formation of a W film on top of the CNTs carpet. The use of the supersonic cluster source AMPHIRO allowed to obtain nanostructured WOx films (NS-WOx), whose building blocks were clusters of dimensions of less than 1 nm. In-situ photoemission has shown that, by using the appropriate gas mixture during cluster synthesis, the NS-WOx films present a variety of different oxidation states, not stable in conventional systems. When deposited on CNTs, NS-WOx preserve their nanostructured nature, forming a sort of beaded necklace that, to our knowledge, has never been observed in literature. As preliminary work, we measured the response to EtOH vapors of three significant hybrids for possible use as chemiresistors, monitoring their electrical resistance variation during exposure in UHV to EtOH vapors at RT. Our results indicate that W deposition via DCMS on a CNTs forest suppresses the well- known ability of CNTs to respond to EtOH as p-type material. The highly defected and porous NS-WOx film shows higher sensitivity than the CNTs forest and it behaves as p-type material. The sample with the highest sensitivity was the hybrid formed depositing NS-WOx on a CNTs forest. Beside both the components behave as p-type semiconductors, the new material shows a n-type behavior, which may be ascribed to a charge transfer between the NS-WOx and the CNTs. The possibility to obtain n-type doping in CNTs is an important open issue in literature which has important technological implications. The charge transfer between the highly reactive NS-WOx and the CNTs could not be confirmed, because of the NS-WOX thickness was higher than the surface sensitivity of the techniques here used (XPS and UPS). Further investigations are scheduled to disentangle this point. Last but not least, the most promising hybrids are planned to be studied for hydrogen retention and will be exposed to the GyM linear reactor of ISTP-CNR (Milan) to be tested as first wall material in a fusion reactor.
Lo scopo di questa tesi è lo sviluppo di nuovi materiali ibridi nanostrutturati basati su Carbonio e Tungsteno per il loro potenziale utilizzo in applicazioni quali, ad esempio, materiali di prima parete nei reattori a fusione, riduzione di CO2, produzione di H2, chemiresistori per molti tipi di gas pericolosi e tossici. Il lavoro è stato svolto nei laboratori dell'Istituto IOM-CNR, ed è stato parzialmente finanziato dalla compagnia energetica ENI. Si sono prodotte molte nanostrutture di carbonio (CNs), inclusi SWCNT, film sottili 3-D dendritici sp2, CNF e CNT con lunghezze e densità controllate, che sono state utilizzate come substrato per sintetizzare nuove nanostrutture di W ed ibridi C/W. I nostri risultati mostrano che la deposizione di W tramite DCMS consente di preservare la morfologia iniziale delle CNs, dimostrandosi un metodo efficace per ottenere ibridi C/W NS. Nel caso di foresta di CNT, a seconda della densità e dello spessore dei tubi, il W può bagnare uniformemente i tubi, oppure formare un rivestimento non uniforme, fino alla formazione di una pellicola di W sopra il tappeto di CNT. L'uso di una sorgente di cluster supersonica ha permesso di ottenere film WOx nanostrutturati (NS-WOx), i cui elementi erano cluster di dimensioni inferiori a 1 nm. La fotoemissione in-situ ha dimostrato che, utilizzando un’appropriata miscela di gas durante la sintesi, i film NS-WOx presentano una varietà di stati di ossidazione, non stabili in sistemi convenzionali. Se depositati sui CNT, gli NS-WOx preservano la loro natura nanostrutturata formando una sorta di collana di perle, struttura che, a nostra conoscenza, non è stata osservata in letteratura. Come lavoro preliminare, si è misurata la risposta a vapori di EtOH di tre ibridi significativi per un possibile utilizzo quali chemiresistori, monitorando la variazione della loro resistenza elettrica durante l'esposizione in UHV a vapori di EtOH a RT. I nostri dati indicano che la deposizione di un film di W continuo tramite DCMS sui CNT sopprime la ben nota capacità dei CNT di rispondere all'EtOH come materiale di tipo p. Il film NS-WOx altamente difettoso e poroso mostra una risposta a RT, con una sensibilità maggiore della foresta di CNT e si comporta come materiale di tipo p. Il campione che ha mostrato la maggiore sensibilità è l'ibrido formato dalla deposizione di NS-WOx su una foresta di CNT. Benché entrambi i componenti si comportano come materiali di tipo p, il nuovo materiale mostra un comportamento di tipo n, che può essere attribuito ad un trasferimento di carica tra NS-WOx e CNT. La possibilità di ottenere CNT drogati n è un importante problema aperto in letteratura con importanti implicazioni tecnologiche. Il trasferimento di carica non è stato confermato, poiché lo spessore di NS-WOX era superiore alla sensibilità superficiale delle tecniche disponibili (XPS e UPS), si prevedono ulteriori indagini per chiarire questo punto. Infine si prevede di studiare la ritenzione di idrogeno degli ibridi più promettenti e di esporli al reattore lineare GyM dell'ISTP-CNR per essere testati come materiale di prima parete in un reattore a fusione.
Materiali Ibridi Nanostrutturati Basati sul Tungsteno e Carbonio / Farooq, Ayesha. - (2024 May 10).
Materiali Ibridi Nanostrutturati Basati sul Tungsteno e Carbonio
FAROOQ, AYESHA
2024-05-10
Abstract
The aim of this thesis was the development of new Carbon-Tungsten nanostructured hybrid materials that potentially can be used in many applications as, for example, first-wall material in fusion reactors, CO2 reduction, H2 production, chemiresistor to many hazardous and toxic gases. All the work has been performed in many laboratories of the IOM-CNR Institute, and it was partially funded by the energy company ENI. We produced many carbon nanostructures (CNs), including isolated SWCNTs, sp2 dendritic 3-dimensional thin films, carbon nanofibers and CNTs with controlled length and density, that were used as substrate to synthetize novel C/W hybrids. Our results show that the W deposition via DCMS allows to preserve the pristine CN’s morphology, thus proving an effective method to obtain different hybrid C/W NS. In the case of CNT forest, depending on tube density and thickness, W can uniformly wet the tubes, or can form a not-uniform coating, up to the formation of a W film on top of the CNTs carpet. The use of the supersonic cluster source AMPHIRO allowed to obtain nanostructured WOx films (NS-WOx), whose building blocks were clusters of dimensions of less than 1 nm. In-situ photoemission has shown that, by using the appropriate gas mixture during cluster synthesis, the NS-WOx films present a variety of different oxidation states, not stable in conventional systems. When deposited on CNTs, NS-WOx preserve their nanostructured nature, forming a sort of beaded necklace that, to our knowledge, has never been observed in literature. As preliminary work, we measured the response to EtOH vapors of three significant hybrids for possible use as chemiresistors, monitoring their electrical resistance variation during exposure in UHV to EtOH vapors at RT. Our results indicate that W deposition via DCMS on a CNTs forest suppresses the well- known ability of CNTs to respond to EtOH as p-type material. The highly defected and porous NS-WOx film shows higher sensitivity than the CNTs forest and it behaves as p-type material. The sample with the highest sensitivity was the hybrid formed depositing NS-WOx on a CNTs forest. Beside both the components behave as p-type semiconductors, the new material shows a n-type behavior, which may be ascribed to a charge transfer between the NS-WOx and the CNTs. The possibility to obtain n-type doping in CNTs is an important open issue in literature which has important technological implications. The charge transfer between the highly reactive NS-WOx and the CNTs could not be confirmed, because of the NS-WOX thickness was higher than the surface sensitivity of the techniques here used (XPS and UPS). Further investigations are scheduled to disentangle this point. Last but not least, the most promising hybrids are planned to be studied for hydrogen retention and will be exposed to the GyM linear reactor of ISTP-CNR (Milan) to be tested as first wall material in a fusion reactor.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: PhD Thesis Ayesha Farooq
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