Problematic internet use during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence data

Aims: This study sought to synthesize prevalence rates of problematic internet use (PIU) during the COVID-19 pandemic in the general adult (age over 18 years old) population and to investigate its possible moderators. Methods: A preregistered systematic literature review using the PubMed/MEDLINE, EBSCOhost/PsycINFO, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, GSK Clinical Study Register, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases was conducted. Research was completed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols 2015 checklist. Results: A total of 22 publications were identifi ed, fulfi lling inclusion criteria from a total of 595 studies. The analysis revealed that the prevalence of PIU during the COVID-19 pandemic period was 25%, however applying a stringent threshold for the PIU, resulted in a much lower prevalence of 7.9%. Conclusion: The PIU prevalence rate during the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population was 7.9%. Measuring the prevalence of PIU remains complicated due to the large methodological and cultural diversity that exists, so global prevalence estimates of PIU vary substantially. More methodologically sound research on psychodiagnostic assessment and cultural variances is required.