Adherence to olfactory training improves orthonasal and retronasal olfaction in post-COVID-19 olfactory loss

Background: Olfactory loss (OL) has emerged as one of the most prevalent and debilitating symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and long-COVID-19. The present prospective observational study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of olfactory training (OT) on orthonasal and retronasal olfactory function in a cohort of individuals with persistent post-COVID-19 OL. Methodology: Participants with post-COVID-19 olfactory impairment underwent 4 months of OT, self-assessing their smell perception and undergoing comprehensive psychophysical evaluation of orthonasal and retronasal olfaction at baseline and after training. Orthonasal olfactory function was assessed using the extended Sniffin' Sticks test battery. Retronasal olfactory function was tested with powdered aromas. Results: Among 114 participants with post-COVID-19 olfactory loss, adherence to OT was 60%. In adherents, the average increase in composite TDI score was 6.0 points compared to 2.6 points in non-adherents. Fifty-seven percent of adherent participants achieved a clinically significant improvement in TDI score (≥5.5 points), compared to 22% of non-adherents. In retronasal olfactoryidentification, 56% of adherents achieved a clinically significant improvement (≥4 points), compared to 16% of non-adherents. Conclusion: Adherence to a 4-month OT regimen can yield clinically meaningful improvements in both orthonasal and retronasal olfactory function among individuals with persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction.