B-cell malignancies represent a heterogeneous group of disorders commonly treated with chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Despite advancements in therapy, a significant proportion of patients either develop resistance, exhibit inadequate responses, or experience off-target effects. The antiCD20 antibody Rituximab has been shown to significantly improve survival rates, achieving long-term remission in up to 95% of patients. Since CD20 is not expressed in stem cells, B-cell regeneration remains possible following treatment. However, the action of Rituximab on normal B cells can lead to their depletion, resulting in alterations to their canonical functions. The objective of this PhD research project is to develop a novel therapeutic approach for pediatric B-cell malignancies, particularly Burkitt lymphoma, through the combination of targeted nanocarriers, gene therapy, and therapeutic antibodies. This strategy aims to induce the production of an exogenous protein, specifically an antiCD20 therapeutic antibody, within the tumor microenvironment, thereby minimizing the adverse effects typically associated with conventional treatment. In order to ensure a selective delivery of nucleic acids, we developed biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and poly(vinyl alcohol) covalently coated with an antiCD19 recombinant antibody as a targeting mechanism. To assess the functionality of the nanoparticles, physicochemical characterization, biocompatibility tests, and transfection assays were employed to assess their behavior in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrated that nanoparticles effectively encapsulate and release the payload. These nanostructures exhibited a favorable safety profile, evidenced by the absence of significant cytotoxicity and coagulation activation and only slight activation of the complement system, endothelial cells, and leukocytes. The antiCD19 targeting mechanism enhanced their interaction with target cells, thereby improving their internalization and subsequent expression of exogenous plasmid DNA and protein expression in vitro and in vivo, in a human lymphoma model in zebrafish embryos, where no evidence of toxicity was observed. In a mouse model of Burkitt lymphoma, nanoparticles were observed to reach tumor masses and induce a low local production of the antiCD20 therapeutic protein. This resulted in a slight modification of the tumor microenvironment due to the activation of the complement system and slight recruitment of immune system cells, with barely pronounced effects observed in mice treated with targeted nanoparticles. Our findings provide a rationale for the use of targeted nanoparticles as an exogenous DNA delivery system for the local expression of therapeutic proteins and the alteration of the tumor microenvironment, with the possibility of envisioning these nanostructures as a nanoplatform in which individual components (e.g., payload or targeting mechanism) can be replaced to achieve disparate objectives.
Le neoplasie delle cellule B rappresentano un gruppo eterogeneo di patologie comunemente trattate con chemioterapia e immunoterapia. Nonostante i progressi nella terapia, una percentuale significativa di pazienti sviluppa resistenza, non risponde adeguatamente o presenta effetti indesiderati. L’anticorpo antiCD20 Rituximab ha dimostrato di migliorare significativamente i tassi di sopravvivenza, ottenendo una remissione a lungo termine fino nel 95% dei pazienti. Poiché il CD20 non è espresso nelle cellule staminali, la rigenerazione delle cellule B rimane possibile dopo il trattamento. Tuttavia, l’azione del Rituximab sulle cellule B normali può portare alla loro deplezione, con conseguenti alterazioni delle loro funzioni canoniche. L'obiettivo di questo progetto di ricerca di dottorato è sviluppare un nuovo approccio terapeutico per le neoplasie pediatriche delle cellule B, in particolare il linfoma di Burkitt, attraverso la combinazione di nanovettori mirati, terapia genica e anticorpi terapeutici. Questa strategia mira a indurre la produzione di una proteina esogena, in particolare un anticorpo terapeutico antiCD20, all'interno del microambiente tumorale, minimizzando così gli effetti avversi tipicamente associati al trattamento convenzionale. Al fine di garantire un trasporto selettivo di acidi nucleici, abbiamo sviluppato nanoparticelle polimeriche biodegradabili in acido poli lattico-co-glicolico e alcol polivinilico, rivestite covalentemente con anticorpo ricombinante antiCD19 come meccanismo di targeting. Per valutare la funzionalità delle nanoparticelle, sono stati fatti caratterizzazione fisico-chimica, test di biocompatibilità e saggi di trasfezione per valutare il loro comportamento in vitro e in vivo. I risultati hanno dimostrato che le nanoparticelle incapsulano e rilasciano efficacemente il contenuto. Queste nanostrutture hanno mostrato un profilo di sicurezza favorevole, evidenziato dall’assenza di significativa citotossicità e attivazione della coagulazione, e solo una lieve attivazione del sistema del complemento, delle cellule endoteliali e dei leucociti. Il meccanismo di targeting antiCD19 ha migliorato la loro interazione con le cellule bersaglio, aumentando così la loro internalizzazione, la successiva espressione del DNA plasmidico esogeno e l'espressione proteica in vitro, e in vivo in un modello di linfoma umano in embrioni di zebrafish, dove non è stata osservata alcuna evidenza di tossicità. In un modello murino di linfoma di Burkitt, è stato osservato che le nanoparticelle raggiungono la massa tumorale e inducono una bassa produzione locale della proteina terapeutica antiCD20. Ciò ha comportato una modifica del microambiente tumorale, dovuta a una leggera attivazione del sistema del complemento e un lieve reclutamento di cellule del sistema immunitario, con effetti leggermente più pronunciati nei topi trattati con nanoparticelle mirate. I nostri risultati forniscono unamotivazione per l’uso di nanoparticelle mirate come sistema di trasporto per il DNA esogeno per l’espressione locale di proteine terapeutiche e la modifica del microambiente tumorale, con la possibilità di immaginare queste nanostrutture come una nanopiattaforma in cui i singoli componenti (ad esempio, contenuto o meccanismo di targeting) possono essere sostituiti per raggiungere obiettivi disparati.
Development of polymeric nanoparticles for the delivery of nucleic acids in the treatment of B-cell malignancies-Targeted production of therapeutic antibodies by Burkitt lymphoma cells / Grimaldi, MARIA CRISTINA. - (2025 Mar 21).
Development of polymeric nanoparticles for the delivery of nucleic acids in the treatment of B-cell malignancies-Targeted production of therapeutic antibodies by Burkitt lymphoma cells
GRIMALDI, MARIA CRISTINA
2025-03-21
Abstract
B-cell malignancies represent a heterogeneous group of disorders commonly treated with chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Despite advancements in therapy, a significant proportion of patients either develop resistance, exhibit inadequate responses, or experience off-target effects. The antiCD20 antibody Rituximab has been shown to significantly improve survival rates, achieving long-term remission in up to 95% of patients. Since CD20 is not expressed in stem cells, B-cell regeneration remains possible following treatment. However, the action of Rituximab on normal B cells can lead to their depletion, resulting in alterations to their canonical functions. The objective of this PhD research project is to develop a novel therapeutic approach for pediatric B-cell malignancies, particularly Burkitt lymphoma, through the combination of targeted nanocarriers, gene therapy, and therapeutic antibodies. This strategy aims to induce the production of an exogenous protein, specifically an antiCD20 therapeutic antibody, within the tumor microenvironment, thereby minimizing the adverse effects typically associated with conventional treatment. In order to ensure a selective delivery of nucleic acids, we developed biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and poly(vinyl alcohol) covalently coated with an antiCD19 recombinant antibody as a targeting mechanism. To assess the functionality of the nanoparticles, physicochemical characterization, biocompatibility tests, and transfection assays were employed to assess their behavior in vitro and in vivo. The results demonstrated that nanoparticles effectively encapsulate and release the payload. These nanostructures exhibited a favorable safety profile, evidenced by the absence of significant cytotoxicity and coagulation activation and only slight activation of the complement system, endothelial cells, and leukocytes. The antiCD19 targeting mechanism enhanced their interaction with target cells, thereby improving their internalization and subsequent expression of exogenous plasmid DNA and protein expression in vitro and in vivo, in a human lymphoma model in zebrafish embryos, where no evidence of toxicity was observed. In a mouse model of Burkitt lymphoma, nanoparticles were observed to reach tumor masses and induce a low local production of the antiCD20 therapeutic protein. This resulted in a slight modification of the tumor microenvironment due to the activation of the complement system and slight recruitment of immune system cells, with barely pronounced effects observed in mice treated with targeted nanoparticles. Our findings provide a rationale for the use of targeted nanoparticles as an exogenous DNA delivery system for the local expression of therapeutic proteins and the alteration of the tumor microenvironment, with the possibility of envisioning these nanostructures as a nanoplatform in which individual components (e.g., payload or targeting mechanism) can be replaced to achieve disparate objectives.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Grimaldi Maria Cristina_PhD Thesis_Final Revision.pdf
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Descrizione: Grimaldi Maria Cristina_PhD Thesis_Final
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Grimaldi Maria Cristina_PhD Thesis_Final Revision_1.pdf
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Descrizione: Grimaldi Maria Cristina_PhD Thesis_Final
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8.64 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
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