的里雅斯特的圣萨巴米厂：纳粹集中营的历史与记忆 ("La Risiera di San Sabba a Trieste: storia e memoria di un lager nazista")

The essay traces the history and the difficult process of constructing the collective memory of the Risiera di San Sabba in Trieste, the only Nazi Lager in Italy equipped with a crematorium. The Risiera, originally established as a factory and subsequently converted into a barracks, was transformed into a Polizeihaftlager (police detention camp) following the armistice of September 8, 1943, operating within the Zone of Operations of the Adriatic Littoral (OZAK) in Nazi occupied North-East Italy under the command of the notorious Odilo Globočnik. Unlike other Nazi camps in Italy such as Fossoli, Bolzano, and Borgo San Dalmazzo, the Risiera di San Sabba functioned not merely as a transit camp for deportation (with estimates ranging from 8,000 to 25,000 prisoners processed) but also as a site of detention and killing, with estimates between 3,000 and 5,000 victims, predominantly members of resistance movements and civilian hostages, some of whom were Jews. The essay highlights how, in the immediate postwar period, investigations into these crimes underwent systematic obfuscation due to local political considerations, the tense geopolitical climate on the Italian-Yugoslav border, and the difficulties encountered by Trieste’s political leadership in confronting Nazifascism and collaboration. This situation resulted in a protracted process of suppression and delayed memorialization in comparison to other European memorial sites. A turning point occurred in the mid-1950s and particularly during the 1960s, culminating in the recognition of the Risiera as a National Monument in 1965 and the subsequent 1976 trial. Despite the unsatisfactory outcomes of the trial, it nonetheless contributed to overcoming the city’s reluctance and to countering denialism. The complex, utilized as a Refugee Camp from 1950 to 1966, underwent structural restoration by architect Romano Boico between 1969 and 1975 to become the Civic Museum of the Risiera di San Sabba, employing an abstract and brutalist vocabulary to evoke a "bare and inflexible memory." The article concludes by emphasizing the significance of recovering testimonial evidence, such as the graffiti left by prisoners, which has enabled the restoration of identity to approximately 350 murdered individuals.