The Adriatic Sea, a semi-enclosed basin of the Mediterranean, is shaped by the interplay of physical and biogeochemical processes operating across temporal and spatial scales, from the basin scale to the microscale. The small size of the Adriatic basin and its rapid response to atmospheric forcing make it a natural laboratory for studying climate change. It is crucial for Mediterranean thermohaline circulation, as Adriatic Deep Water is the main source of Eastern Mediterranean Deep Water. The South Adriatic Pit (SAP) is a key region where warm, saline water masses from the Ionian Sea interact with colder, fresher Adriatic waters, making it a hotspot for climate change. This thesis aims to observe how processes at different scales influence and modulate variability in the SAP, using time series of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and velocity. The approach combines continuous high-frequency mooring observations from the EMSO network (E2M3A, BB, FF), repeated oceanographic cruises, Argo profiles, and Copernicus modelling and reanalysis products. Together, these datasets provide a multiscale system linking basin-scale climate trends, submesoscale dynamics, and microscale mixing regimes, which together regulate stratification, mixing, and ventilation of the SAP. Over the past two decades, the SAP has experienced significant thermohaline changes. Temperature and salinity have increased throughout the water column, with the strongest trends observed between 350 and 900 dbar and more moderate warming near the surface. In the past decade, these increases were greater than in the Mediterranean (+0.2 °C and +0.8), and, compared to the Ionian Sea, SAP warming is greater, highlighting the influence of locally driven processes. The major salt inflow into the Adriatic in January 2017 shifted the water column into two layers, above and below 900 dbar. Submesoscale variability was investigated by studying gravity current between 2007 and 2023. Using six criteria based on mooring data (Bari Canyon - BB, shelf-slope - FF, central SAP - E2M3A), four events were detected in the deep SAP in 2012, 2017, 2018, and 2022, differing in drivers and pathways. Temperature was dominant in 2012, while salinity was the primary driver in 2017 and 2022. Pathways also varied from FF in 2012, 2018, and 2022, to BB in 2017. Dense water pulses occurred between late winter and spring, with a timescale of about two months from the formation area to E2M3A and two weeks from BB (FF) to E2M3A. 2017 marks a turning point in the supply of dense water to the deep SAP, with evidence suggesting a transition towards more salinity-driven gravity current. At the microscale, salt fingering (SF), was found to be the dominant double-diffusive regime, driven by heat and salt intrusions from the Ionian Basin. Between 2014 and 2016, stronger stratification above 400 and at 800 dbar weakened double-diffusive mixing, and after winter 2014/2015 the upper layer shifted from active SF to a more stable regime, reducing vertical double-diffusive mixing. The event of January 2017 triggered deep convection down to 750 dbar, enhancing SF above 900 dbar. The intensification of SF is important, as it could alter regional thermohaline circulation. In particular, SF competes with gravity currents: the latter enhance stratification at depth, while the former increase vertical exchange, leading to complex mixing regimes.
Il Mar Adriatico, bacino semi-chiuso del Mediterraneo, è fortemente influenzato dall’interazione di processi fisici e biogeochimici che operano su scale temporali e spaziali differenti, dalla scala di bacino fino alla microscala. Le sue dimensioni ridotte e la rapida risposta alle forzanti atmosferiche ne fanno un laboratorio naturale per lo studio dei processi climatici. Le dinamiche oceaniche che lo caratterizzano rivestono un ruolo cruciale per la circolazione termoalina del Mediterraneo, poiché l’acqua adriatica profonda (Adriatic Deep Water) costituisce la principale sorgente dell’acqua profonda del Mediterraneo orientale. La fossa sud adriatica (SAP) rappresenta una regione chiave, dove masse d’acqua calde e salate provenienti dal Mar Ionio interagiscono con acque più fredde e meno salate di origine adriatica, rendendo la SAP un hotspot del cambiamento climatico. La presente tesi indaga come processi oceanici attivi su scale diverse influenzino e modulino la variabilità termoalina nella SAP, mediante l’analisi di serie temporali di temperatura, salinità, ossigeno disciolto e velocità delle correnti. Sono stati utilizzati diversi dataset, integrando osservazioni continue ad alta frequenza da mooring profondi della rete EMSO (E2M3A, BB, FF), campagne oceanografiche, profili Argo e output di modelli e rianalisi Copernicus. L’insieme di questi dataset fornisce una prospettiva multiscala che collega le tendenze climatiche su scala di bacino alla dinamica submesoscala e ai regimi di mescolamento a microscala, i quali congiuntamente controllano la stratificazione, il mescolamento e la ventilazione della SAP. Negli ultimi due decenni, la SAP ha mostrato marcati cambiamenti termoalini. Temperatura e salinità sono aumentate in tutta la colonna d’acqua, con tendenze più accentuate tra 350 e 900 dbar e un riscaldamento più moderato negli strati superficiali. Nell’ultimo decennio, tali aumenti risultano più pronunciati rispetto al resto del Mediterraneo (+0.2 °C e +0.8 rispettivamente) e al Mar Ionio, evidenziando l’importanza dei processi locali. Il forte afflusso di acque salate nel gennaio 2017 ha determinato la formazione di una struttura a due strati, sopra e sotto i 900 dbar. La variabilità submesoscala è stata analizzata attraverso lo studio delle correnti di densità (gravity currents) tra il 2007 e il 2023. Applicando sei criteri basati sui dati di E2M3A, BB e FF, sono stati identificati quattro eventi nella SAP profonda (2012, 2017, 2018 e 2022), differenziati per cause e traiettorie. La temperatura ha avuto un ruolo dominante nel 2012, mentre la salinità è risultata il principale fattore nel 2017 e 2022. Gli impulsi di acqua densa si sono propagati da FF (2012, 2018, 2022) e da BB (2017), con una scala temporale di circa due mesi dall’area di formazione a E2M3A e di due settimane da BB (FF) a E2M3A. L’anno 2017 rappresenta un punto di svolta, segnando una transizione verso una dinamica delle correnti di densità maggiormente controllata dalla salinità. Alla microscala, il salt fingering (SF) è emerso come regime di doppia diffusione dominante, innescato da intrusioni di calore e salinità provenienti dal bacino ionico. Tra il 2014 e il 2016, l’aumento della stratificazione sopra 400 e a 800 dbar ha indebolito il mescolamento per doppia diffusione; dopo l’inverno 2014/2015 lo strato superiore è passato da un regime di SF attivo a uno più stabile, riducendo il mescolamento verticale. L’evento del gennaio 2017 ha invece promosso una convezione profonda fino a 750 dbar, intensificando lo SF sopra 900 dbar. Tale intensificazione è rilevante, poiché può modificare la circolazione termoalina regionale. In particolare, lo SF compete con le correnti di densità: queste tendono a rafforzare la stratificazione profonda, mentre lo SF ne favorisce la destratificazione attraverso un aumento degli scambi verticali, generando regimi di mescolamento complessi e variabili.
Observational evidence for climate change in the southern Adriatic from physical processes at the basin scale, submesoscale, and microscale / Le Meur, Julien Joseph Roger. - (2026 Mar 27).
Observational evidence for climate change in the southern Adriatic from physical processes at the basin scale, submesoscale, and microscale.
LE MEUR, JULIEN JOSEPH ROGER
2026-03-27
Abstract
The Adriatic Sea, a semi-enclosed basin of the Mediterranean, is shaped by the interplay of physical and biogeochemical processes operating across temporal and spatial scales, from the basin scale to the microscale. The small size of the Adriatic basin and its rapid response to atmospheric forcing make it a natural laboratory for studying climate change. It is crucial for Mediterranean thermohaline circulation, as Adriatic Deep Water is the main source of Eastern Mediterranean Deep Water. The South Adriatic Pit (SAP) is a key region where warm, saline water masses from the Ionian Sea interact with colder, fresher Adriatic waters, making it a hotspot for climate change. This thesis aims to observe how processes at different scales influence and modulate variability in the SAP, using time series of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and velocity. The approach combines continuous high-frequency mooring observations from the EMSO network (E2M3A, BB, FF), repeated oceanographic cruises, Argo profiles, and Copernicus modelling and reanalysis products. Together, these datasets provide a multiscale system linking basin-scale climate trends, submesoscale dynamics, and microscale mixing regimes, which together regulate stratification, mixing, and ventilation of the SAP. Over the past two decades, the SAP has experienced significant thermohaline changes. Temperature and salinity have increased throughout the water column, with the strongest trends observed between 350 and 900 dbar and more moderate warming near the surface. In the past decade, these increases were greater than in the Mediterranean (+0.2 °C and +0.8), and, compared to the Ionian Sea, SAP warming is greater, highlighting the influence of locally driven processes. The major salt inflow into the Adriatic in January 2017 shifted the water column into two layers, above and below 900 dbar. Submesoscale variability was investigated by studying gravity current between 2007 and 2023. Using six criteria based on mooring data (Bari Canyon - BB, shelf-slope - FF, central SAP - E2M3A), four events were detected in the deep SAP in 2012, 2017, 2018, and 2022, differing in drivers and pathways. Temperature was dominant in 2012, while salinity was the primary driver in 2017 and 2022. Pathways also varied from FF in 2012, 2018, and 2022, to BB in 2017. Dense water pulses occurred between late winter and spring, with a timescale of about two months from the formation area to E2M3A and two weeks from BB (FF) to E2M3A. 2017 marks a turning point in the supply of dense water to the deep SAP, with evidence suggesting a transition towards more salinity-driven gravity current. At the microscale, salt fingering (SF), was found to be the dominant double-diffusive regime, driven by heat and salt intrusions from the Ionian Basin. Between 2014 and 2016, stronger stratification above 400 and at 800 dbar weakened double-diffusive mixing, and after winter 2014/2015 the upper layer shifted from active SF to a more stable regime, reducing vertical double-diffusive mixing. The event of January 2017 triggered deep convection down to 750 dbar, enhancing SF above 900 dbar. The intensification of SF is important, as it could alter regional thermohaline circulation. In particular, SF competes with gravity currents: the latter enhance stratification at depth, while the former increase vertical exchange, leading to complex mixing regimes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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