Editorial: Brain-connectivity-based computer interfaces

Over the past few decades, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have undergone significant expansion, driven by innovative methodologies and technological advancements. Among the emerging methodologies that promote new BCI models, brain connectivity stands out. These systems hold the potential to completely reshape the interactions with technology and, importantly, to redefine our approach to addressing neurological conditions. BCIs are primarily distinguished by their invasive or non-invasive recording methods, such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography MEG, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and stereo EEG, as well as their targeted applications. In the medical field, BCIs hold a crucial role in communication and neurorehabilitation, aiming to restore the ability to communicate or recover abilities that have been lost. This mission is particularly important in the rehabilitation context, where interfaces can be used to facilitate central functional recovery, especially for individuals recovering from stroke (López-Larraz et al., 2018). The works of Liao et al. and de Seta et al. have taken steps in this direction. Liao et al. have combined motor-imagery BCI (MI-BCI) with physiotherapy, creating a synergy between technology and recovery methodologies. The central focus was to probe whether the impact of MI-BCI varies with patient severity and if it provides universal recovery benefits. To unveil the effectiveness of this innovative approach, the researchers recruited a cohort of hospitalized ischemic stroke patients who exhibited motor deficits. They used standard tests before and after the rehabilitation along with non-contrast CT scans to assess the effects of high-density signs on the prognosis of stroke. The dynamic changes in neural activity after stroke were mapped out using brain topographic maps. The findings highlighted the superior performance of MI-BCI compared to conventional rehabilitation methods.