This thesis investigates the cellular and physiological consequences of mechanical stretch on the murine lung through an integrated in vivo–ex vivo experimental strategy. First, an in vivo murine model of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) was established, using increasing tidal volumes as the injury mechanism, serving as a surrogate for increasing mechanical stretch exposure of the lung tissue. Four groups of escalating ventilation were compared: non-ventilated, lung-protective ventilation (7 µL/g), and injurious ventilation (15 µL/g and 21 µL/g). Lung injury in this model was quantified using a multi-domain histological scoring system applied to sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and CD45 immunohistochemistry (IHC), enabling objective assessment of the lung injury sustained and characterisation of its component domains (inflammatory, structural, and according to the American Thoracic Society score). The second part of the in vivo project examined recovery from lung injury at five timepoints, designed to capture the proliferative dynamics of the two principal cell types under study, namely endothelial cells (EC) and alveolar type II (AT2) epithelial cells. In this cohort, pulmonary endothelial cell proliferation peaked early, around day 2 post-injury, remaining significant up to day 7 and declining to baseline by day 15. AT2 cell proliferation instead emerged later, peaking around day 7, consistent with a dependence on the preceding endothelial response, as suggested by recent literature. In support of this hypothesis, a series of ex vivo experiments were performed. Primary alveolar type II epithelial cells and pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells were isolated from murine lung tissue and used for subsequent mechanotransduction studies. A mechanical stretch system employing silicone membranes was used, subjecting cells to defined regimens of cyclic mechanical stretch by means of a dedicated mechanobiology platform (MechanoCulture FX), in monoculture and co-culture configurations. In this ex vivo model, the endothelial cell population appeared to proliferate in response to mechanical stretch, whereas AT2 cells were found to be non-proliferative. Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that the pulmonary endothelium plays a relevant role as a mechanosensitive population promoting lung regeneration following VILI.
Questa tesi indaga le conseguenze cellulari e fisiologiche dello stretch meccanico sul polmone murino mediante una strategia sperimentale integrata in vivo–ex vivo. In primo luogo, è stato definito un modello murino in vivo di danno polmonare indotto da ventilazione (VILI) che utilizzasse come meccanismo di danno crescenti volumi respiratori, come surrogato di una crescente esposizione allo stretch meccanico del tessuto polmonare. Sono stati confrontati quattro gruppi di ventilazione crescente: non ventilato, ventilazione protettiva (7 µl/g), ventilazione dannosa (15 µl/g e 21 µl/g). Il danno polmonare in questo modello è stato quantificato mediante un sistema di scoring istologico multi-dominio applicato a sezioni colorate con ematossilina-eosina (H&E) e immunoistochimica (IHC) per CD45 con oggettivazione del danno polmonare ottenuto e studio delle sue componenti (infiammatoria, strutturale, secondo score American Thoracic Society). La seconda parte del progetto in vivo ha studiato il recupero dal danno polmonare in 5 timepoint che potessero inquadrare le dinamiche proliferative dei principali tipi cellulari studiati, e cioè cellule endoteliali (EC) ed epiteliali alveolari di tipo 2 (AT2). In questa coorte, la proliferazione delle cellule endoteliali polmonari ha raggiunto il picco precocemente, intorno al giorno 2 post-danno rimanendo significativa fino al giorno 7 e calando a baseline al giorno 15. La proliferazione delle cellule AT2 è invece emersa più tardivamente, con picco intorno al giorno 7, coerentemente con una dipendenza dalla risposta endoteliale precedente come suggerito da letteratura recente. A supporto di questa ipotesi sono stati eseguiti una serie di esperimenti ex vivo. Cellule epiteliali alveolari di tipo 2 e cellule endoteliali microvascolari polmonari primarie sono state isolate da tessuto polmonare murino ed utilizzate per i successivi studi di meccanotrasduzione. È stato utilizzato un sistema di stretch meccanico che utilizza membrane in silicone sottoposte a regimi definiti di stretch meccanico ciclico mediante una piattaforma dedicata di meccanobiologia (MechanoCulture FX), in configurazioni di monocoltura e co-coltura. In questo modello ex vivo la popolazione cellulare endoteliale appare proliferare in risposta allo stretch meccanico, le cellule AT2 risultano invece non proliferanti. Nel complesso, questi risultati supportano l’ipotesi che l'endotelio polmonare abbia un ruolo rilevante come popolazione meccano-sensibile e promotrice della rigenerazione polmonare post-VILI.
Effetti dello stretch meccanico sul tessuto polmonare: dinamiche proliferative endoteliali ed epiteliali in un modello di danno polmonare indotto da ventilazione / Colussi, G.. - (2026 Sep 21).
Effetti dello stretch meccanico sul tessuto polmonare: dinamiche proliferative endoteliali ed epiteliali in un modello di danno polmonare indotto da ventilazione
COLUSSI, GIULIA
2026-09-21
Abstract
This thesis investigates the cellular and physiological consequences of mechanical stretch on the murine lung through an integrated in vivo–ex vivo experimental strategy. First, an in vivo murine model of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) was established, using increasing tidal volumes as the injury mechanism, serving as a surrogate for increasing mechanical stretch exposure of the lung tissue. Four groups of escalating ventilation were compared: non-ventilated, lung-protective ventilation (7 µL/g), and injurious ventilation (15 µL/g and 21 µL/g). Lung injury in this model was quantified using a multi-domain histological scoring system applied to sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and CD45 immunohistochemistry (IHC), enabling objective assessment of the lung injury sustained and characterisation of its component domains (inflammatory, structural, and according to the American Thoracic Society score). The second part of the in vivo project examined recovery from lung injury at five timepoints, designed to capture the proliferative dynamics of the two principal cell types under study, namely endothelial cells (EC) and alveolar type II (AT2) epithelial cells. In this cohort, pulmonary endothelial cell proliferation peaked early, around day 2 post-injury, remaining significant up to day 7 and declining to baseline by day 15. AT2 cell proliferation instead emerged later, peaking around day 7, consistent with a dependence on the preceding endothelial response, as suggested by recent literature. In support of this hypothesis, a series of ex vivo experiments were performed. Primary alveolar type II epithelial cells and pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells were isolated from murine lung tissue and used for subsequent mechanotransduction studies. A mechanical stretch system employing silicone membranes was used, subjecting cells to defined regimens of cyclic mechanical stretch by means of a dedicated mechanobiology platform (MechanoCulture FX), in monoculture and co-culture configurations. In this ex vivo model, the endothelial cell population appeared to proliferate in response to mechanical stretch, whereas AT2 cells were found to be non-proliferative. Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that the pulmonary endothelium plays a relevant role as a mechanosensitive population promoting lung regeneration following VILI.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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