Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor characterised by extensive genetic, epigenetic, and molecular heterogeneity, which contributes to treatment resistance, diagnostic complexity, and poor clinical outcomes. GBM cells also alter the physiology of the surrounding brain tissue, promoting brain tumor-related epilepsy (BTRE). This thesis explores integrated pharmacological, opto-pharmacological, and genetic strategies aimed at limiting tumor progression and reducing tumor-induced neuronal hyperexcitability, with the broader goal of improving patients’ quality of life. The first pharmacological approach targeted ion channels involved in cell-volume regulation, a process closely associated with cell-cycle progression and mitosis. The chloride-channel inhibitors niflumic acid (NFA) and carbenoxolone (CBX) were tested in U87 glioblastoma cells. Live-cell imaging showed that both compounds reduced cell-volume dynamics and mitotic activity during 48 h of treatment, with a concomitant increase in cell death. Flow cytometry revealed accumulation in the G0/G1 phase and a reduction in the S-phase population, indicating cell-cycle arrest. Consistently, increased p53 expression suggested activation of mechanisms associated with G1 blockade. A combinatorial treatment involving NFA, Bumetanide, and R-Ketorolac was subsequently evaluated in U87 cells and patient-derived glioma stem cells (GSCs). Although it reduced proliferation and viability, GSC populations displayed heterogeneous responses, supporting the need for personalised therapies based on tumor-specific molecular profiles. To overcome chemotherapeutic resistance, a second strategy investigated BV-1, a photosensitive membrane-targeting compound that induces optoporation and cell death through phospholipid oxidation. Photoactivated BV-1 markedly reduced the viability of murine CSC-204D GSCs, as assessed by MTT assay. Its administration and illumination in the striatum of wild-type mice produced acute pro-apoptotic and cytotoxic effects. BV-1-mediated tumor optoablation was then tested in an orthotopic GBM model, in which treated animals showed slower tumor growth than controls, as assessed by MRI. These findings support BV-1 as a potential PDT-like strategy for local GBM treatment. In parallel, the molecular mechanisms underlying BTRE were investigated by analysing tumor-derived extracellular vesicles. Exosomes isolated from U87 cells promoted neuronal hyperexcitability and increased Nav1.6 channel expression in primary mouse neurons after 24 h of exposure. TNF-α was identified as a key mediator of these effects. Pharmacological inhibition of TNF-α signalling with infliximab prevented exosome-induced electrophysiological alterations, highlighting its potential for counteracting tumor-associated neuronal dysfunction. Finally, a chemo-optogenetic strategy was developed through the generation of a pH-sensitive inhibitory luminopsin (pHIL). This molecular tool exploits bioluminescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer to activate an inhibitory opsin under acidic conditions associated with epileptiform activity. Following luciferase-substrate administration, opsin activation promotes chloride influx and neuronal hyperpolarisation. Progressive N-terminal truncations of RLuc8 identified N3RLuc8 as the optimal BRET donor, while linker optimisation between E2GFP and halorhodopsin led to the selection of 3ApHIL. Its ability to reduce neuronal excitability in vitro and in vivo supported its potential as a closed-loop strategy for BTRE. Overall, this thesis demonstrates the potential of complementary pharmacological, light-activated, and genetic approaches to target both GBM progression and associated neuronal hyperexcitability, providing a basis for more personalised and effective therapeutic strategies, while addressing distinct yet interconnected pathological features within the same disease.
Il glioblastoma (GBM) è un tumore cerebrale, caratterizzato da un’elevata eterogeneità molecolare, che favorisce resistenza terapeutica ed esiti clinici sfavorevoli. Le cellule di GBM alterano la fisiologia del tessuto cerebrale circostante, favorendo l’epilessia correlata ai tumori cerebrali (BTRE). Questa tesi esplora strategie farmacologiche, opto-farmacologiche e genetiche per limitare la progressione tumorale e ridurre l’ipereccitabilità neuronale indotta dal tumore. Il primo approccio farmacologico ha preso di mira i canali ionici che regolano il volume cellulare, processo associato al ciclo cellulare e alla mitosi. Gli inibitori dei canali del cloro come l' acido niflumico (NFA) e il carbenoxolone (CBX), sono stati testati in cellule U87. Il live-cell imaging ha mostrato che entrambi i composti riducevano le variazioni del volume cellulare e l’attività mitotica dopo 48 ore, con un aumento della morte cellulare. La citofluorimetria ha evidenziato un accumulo nella fase G0/G1 e una riduzione della popolazione in fase S, indicando un arresto del ciclo cellulare. L’aumento dell’espressione di p53 ha suggerito l’attivazione di meccanismi associati al blocco in G1. Successivamente, una combinazione di NFA, bumetanide e R-ketorolac è stato valutata nelle cellule U87 e in cellule staminali di glioma derivate da pazienti. Sebbene abbia ridotto proliferazione e vitalità, le popolazioni hanno mostrato risposte eterogenee, sostenendo la necessità di terapie personalizzate basate sui profili molecolari tumorali. Per superare la resistenza chemioterapica, una seconda strategia ha analizzato BV-1, una moelcola fotosensibile diretta alla membrana che può indurre optoporazione e morte cellulare attraverso l’ossidazione dei fosfolipidi. La fotoattivazione di BV-1 ha ridotto la vitalità delle cellule staminali di glioma murine CSC-204D, valutata mediante saggio MTT. La somministrazione e l’illuminazione di BV-1 nello striato di topi wild-type hanno prodotto effetti pro-apoptotici e citotossici acuti. L’optoablazione tumorale mediata da BV-1 è stata valutata in un modello ortotopico di GBM, nel quale gli animali trattati hanno mostrato una crescita tumorale più lenta rispetto ai controlli, rilevata mediante risonanza magnetica. Parallelamente, sono stati studiati i meccanismi alla base della BTRE. Gli esosomi isolati da cellule U87 hanno indotto ipereccitabilità neuronale e aumentato l’espressione del canale Nav1.6 nei neuroni murini dopo 24 ore di esposizione. Il TNF-α è stato identificato come mediatore chiave. L’inibizione farmacologica della sua segnalazione mediante infliximab ha prevenuto le alterazioni elettrofisiologiche indotte dagli esosomi, evidenziandone il potenziale terapeutico. Infine, è stata sviluppata una strategia chemo-optogenetica mediante la generazione di una luminopsina inibitoria sensibile al pH (pHIL). Questo strumento sfrutta il trasferimento di energia per risonanza bioluminescente e fluorescente per attivare un’opsina inibitoria in condizioni acide associate all’attività epilettiforme. Dopo la somministrazione del substrato della luciferasi, l’attivazione dell’opsina promuove l’ingresso di cloro e l’iperpolarizzazione neuronale. Troncamenti dell’estremità N-terminale di RLuc8 hanno identificato N3RLuc8 come donatore BRET ottimale, mentre l’ottimizzazione dei linker tra E2GFP e alorodopsina ha portato alla selezione di 3ApHIL. La capacità del costrutto di ridurre l’eccitabilità neuronale in vitro e in vivo ne sostiene l’impiego come strategia closed-loop per la BTRE. Nel complesso, questa tesi evidenzia il potenziale di approcci complementari per contrastare la progressione del GBM e l’ipereccitabilità neuronale associata, fornendo una base per strategie terapeutiche personalizzate ed efficaci.
APPROCCI FARMACOLOGICI E BASATI SULLA LUCE PER IL TRATTAMENTO DEL GLIOBLASTOMA E DELL’EPILESSIA CORRELATA AI TUMORI CEREBRALI / Spada, F.. - (2026 Sep 21).
APPROCCI FARMACOLOGICI E BASATI SULLA LUCE PER IL TRATTAMENTO DEL GLIOBLASTOMA E DELL’EPILESSIA CORRELATA AI TUMORI CEREBRALI
SPADA, FEDERICA
2026-09-21
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor characterised by extensive genetic, epigenetic, and molecular heterogeneity, which contributes to treatment resistance, diagnostic complexity, and poor clinical outcomes. GBM cells also alter the physiology of the surrounding brain tissue, promoting brain tumor-related epilepsy (BTRE). This thesis explores integrated pharmacological, opto-pharmacological, and genetic strategies aimed at limiting tumor progression and reducing tumor-induced neuronal hyperexcitability, with the broader goal of improving patients’ quality of life. The first pharmacological approach targeted ion channels involved in cell-volume regulation, a process closely associated with cell-cycle progression and mitosis. The chloride-channel inhibitors niflumic acid (NFA) and carbenoxolone (CBX) were tested in U87 glioblastoma cells. Live-cell imaging showed that both compounds reduced cell-volume dynamics and mitotic activity during 48 h of treatment, with a concomitant increase in cell death. Flow cytometry revealed accumulation in the G0/G1 phase and a reduction in the S-phase population, indicating cell-cycle arrest. Consistently, increased p53 expression suggested activation of mechanisms associated with G1 blockade. A combinatorial treatment involving NFA, Bumetanide, and R-Ketorolac was subsequently evaluated in U87 cells and patient-derived glioma stem cells (GSCs). Although it reduced proliferation and viability, GSC populations displayed heterogeneous responses, supporting the need for personalised therapies based on tumor-specific molecular profiles. To overcome chemotherapeutic resistance, a second strategy investigated BV-1, a photosensitive membrane-targeting compound that induces optoporation and cell death through phospholipid oxidation. Photoactivated BV-1 markedly reduced the viability of murine CSC-204D GSCs, as assessed by MTT assay. Its administration and illumination in the striatum of wild-type mice produced acute pro-apoptotic and cytotoxic effects. BV-1-mediated tumor optoablation was then tested in an orthotopic GBM model, in which treated animals showed slower tumor growth than controls, as assessed by MRI. These findings support BV-1 as a potential PDT-like strategy for local GBM treatment. In parallel, the molecular mechanisms underlying BTRE were investigated by analysing tumor-derived extracellular vesicles. Exosomes isolated from U87 cells promoted neuronal hyperexcitability and increased Nav1.6 channel expression in primary mouse neurons after 24 h of exposure. TNF-α was identified as a key mediator of these effects. Pharmacological inhibition of TNF-α signalling with infliximab prevented exosome-induced electrophysiological alterations, highlighting its potential for counteracting tumor-associated neuronal dysfunction. Finally, a chemo-optogenetic strategy was developed through the generation of a pH-sensitive inhibitory luminopsin (pHIL). This molecular tool exploits bioluminescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer to activate an inhibitory opsin under acidic conditions associated with epileptiform activity. Following luciferase-substrate administration, opsin activation promotes chloride influx and neuronal hyperpolarisation. Progressive N-terminal truncations of RLuc8 identified N3RLuc8 as the optimal BRET donor, while linker optimisation between E2GFP and halorhodopsin led to the selection of 3ApHIL. Its ability to reduce neuronal excitability in vitro and in vivo supported its potential as a closed-loop strategy for BTRE. Overall, this thesis demonstrates the potential of complementary pharmacological, light-activated, and genetic approaches to target both GBM progression and associated neuronal hyperexcitability, providing a basis for more personalised and effective therapeutic strategies, while addressing distinct yet interconnected pathological features within the same disease.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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