How to Do Echo in Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: A Consensus Statement of the Italian Society of Echocardiography and Cardiovascular Imaging

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is defined by increased left ventricular wall thickness and/or mass and reflects a heterogeneous spectrum of primary myocardial diseases or an adaptive response to pressure or volume overload. Multimodality imaging, integrated with comprehensive clinical assessment, electrocardiography, and laboratory testing, plays a central role in the noninvasive evaluation of LVH [Graphical Abstract]. Echocardiography represents the first-line imaging modality for initial assessment and serial follow-up, providing comprehensive structural and functional information. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging provides diagnostic confirmation and enables etiologic differentiation through advanced tissue characterization. Other imaging modalities, particularly nuclear medicine techniques, are employed in specific clinical contexts such as the evaluation of cardiac amyloidosis.