Three dimensional printing of an atrial septal defect: Is it multimodality imaging?

Noninvasive imaging plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and management of congenital heart disease (CHD). Despite cardiac magnetic resonance (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) have gained particular importance, 2D transthoracic echocardiogram (TEE) and 3D trans- esophageal echocardiogram (TOE) still remain the work- houses of imaging routinely used in all and CHD patients; however 3D images could be challenging in some CHD patients and not being so informative. 3D printing tech- nology improvements have been tremendous over the last few years and several different 3D printing processes have been invented in Medicine