Shipping sector was responsible for nearly 3% of global carbon dioxide equivalent emissions in 2018, increasing its total emissions of almost 10% from 2012. These emissions are dangerous for climate change effects, but they can particularly harm people because they are concentrated in ports. Even if almost 85% of global fleet in 2017 was represented by oil tankers, bulk carriers and container ships when deadweight tons are accounted, more than 10% of global fleet value was represented by cruise ships. National and international regulators in past years issued mandatory regulations about sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides emissions. These requirements were observed by switching to low-sulphur content fuels and using exhaust gas cleaning systems. Now, focus of current regulations under development and of future emission targets is tackling carbon dioxide emissions. Possibly cruise ship could also face stricter emissions in particular areas of the planet, since they travel worldwide and in some of the most fragile environments of the planet, like fjords and coral bays. Different operative and design measures to reduce carbon dioxide emissions are still under evaluation but switching to carbon neutral or zero-carbon fuels is one of the most promising ones. Different fuels would also enable to install different power generation systems onboard vessels, like fuel cells and gas turbines. All those innovative solutions will surely influence payload capacity and increase design and maintenance complexity. In recent years, fuel cells are gaining momentum because they can operate with different fuels, both fossil and renewable ones, and can bring to emissions reduction while also decreasing noise and vibration onboard. The scope of this work is to assess all potential fuels and power generation systems that can be employed now or in the near future onboard cruise ships. This analysis is outlined with a holistic approach, considering emissions for fuels production, thermal power generation emissions and impact of those new solution on cruise ship payload. Economics of each alternative design solution is also considered to ensure that alternative systems can be employed with current costs. This thesis provides a deep understanding of the complexity of carbon dioxide emission reduction topic for all vessels and particularly for cruise ships. The holistic approach applied to this analysis shows that technical solutions that can effectively reduce carbon dioxide emissions can bring to unsustainable economics, unless future technical developments in the future will bring to more sustainable costs. The need to pursue the lowest possible cost and the highest quantity of payload is bringing shipowners to consider systems that move carbon dioxide emissions in other moments of ship’s life cycle or that cause emissions currently not addressed by regulators, like methane slip from internal combustion engines. For this reason, a continuous and sincere dialogue between all stakeholders involved in shipping is necessary to identify best solutions both from environmental and economic perspectives: this work and the proposed simulation tool can be considered a strong base for this discussion.

Il settore del trasporto via mare è stato responsabile di circa il 3% delle emissioni globali di anidride carbonica nel 2018, aumentando il totale delle sue emissioni del 10% rispetto al 2012. Queste emissioni sono pericolose a cause della loro influenza sui cambiamenti climatici, ma sono considerate particolarmente pericolose anche per le persone, dato che sono concentrate prevalentemente nelle zone portuali. Nonostante nel 2017 l’85% di tutte le navi esistenti al mondo considerando la stazza lorda fosse costituito da petroliere, portarinfuse e navi porta container, le navi da crociera rappresentavano in più del 10% del valore della flotta globale. Negli ultimi anni gli enti di regolamentazione nazionali e internazionali hanno emesso regolamenti obbligatori per limitare le emissioni di ossidi di zolfo e ossidi di azoto. Questi regolamenti sono stati rispettati utilizzando combustibili a basso tenore di zolfo o implementando a bordo sistemi di trattamento dei gas di scarico. Ad oggi la diminuzione delle emissioni di anidride carbonica è il principale obiettivo dei regolamenti attualmente in fase di sviluppo. Le navi da crociera inoltre potranno dover sottostare a limiti ancora più stringenti in alcune aree del pianeta: queste navi operano in tutto il mondo e navigano in alcune degli ecosistemi più fragili, come i fiordi e le barriere coralline. Attualmente sono in fase di valutazione metodologie tecniche o operative per ridurre le emissioni di anidride carbonica, ma una di quelle considerate più promettenti è utilizzare combustibili a neutralità climatica o senza contenuto di carbonio. L’utilizzo di combustibili diversi dagli attuali permette anche di installare a bordo nuove tipologie di generatori di energia a bordo, come le celle a combustibile o le turbine a gas. Queste soluzioni innovative avrebbero però sicuramente un’influenza sul carico pagante e incrementerebbero la complessità della progettazione e della manutenzione della nave. Negli ultimi anni le celle a combustibile hanno ottenuto sempre maggior attenzione soprattutto per la loro capacità di utilizzare più combustibili diversi, sia di origine fossile che rinnovabili, e perché possono ridurre le emissioni diminuendo nel frattempo anche vibrazioni e rumore a bordo della nave. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è illustrare tutti i possibili combustibili e tutti i sistemi di generazione di energia che possono essere installati ad oggi o nell’immediato futuro a bordo delle navi da crociera. L’analisi è stata sviluppata utilizzando un approccio olistico, considerando le emissioni relative alla produzione del combustibile, alla generazione di energia termica e all’impatto che questi sistemi innovativi avrebbero sul carico pagante. Inoltre, i sistemi alternativi per la generazione di energia a bordo sono analizzati anche dal punto di vista economico per assicurarne la loro fattibilità anche secondo questa tipologia di requisiti. Questo lavoro è destinato a fornire una profonda comprensione della complessità delle tematiche relative alla riduzione delle emissioni di anidride carbonica causate dalle navi e in particolare dalle crociere. L’approccio olistico adottato in questa analisi dimostra che molte soluzioni che possono garantire una sostanziale riduzione delle emissioni inquinanti richiedono un aumento dei costi attualmente non sostenibile. LProprio per questo motivo è necessario un continuo dialogo tra i vari soggetti interessati dal problema che permetta di trovare soluzioni sostenibili sia dal punto di vista ambientale che da quello economico: questo elaborato e lo strumento di calcolo possono essere considerate una solida base di partenza per questa importante discussione.

Impiego di sistemi di generazione innovativi a bordo di navi da crociera / Gianni, Marco. - (2023 May 17).

Impiego di sistemi di generazione innovativi a bordo di navi da crociera

GIANNI, MARCO
2023-05-17

Abstract

Shipping sector was responsible for nearly 3% of global carbon dioxide equivalent emissions in 2018, increasing its total emissions of almost 10% from 2012. These emissions are dangerous for climate change effects, but they can particularly harm people because they are concentrated in ports. Even if almost 85% of global fleet in 2017 was represented by oil tankers, bulk carriers and container ships when deadweight tons are accounted, more than 10% of global fleet value was represented by cruise ships. National and international regulators in past years issued mandatory regulations about sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides emissions. These requirements were observed by switching to low-sulphur content fuels and using exhaust gas cleaning systems. Now, focus of current regulations under development and of future emission targets is tackling carbon dioxide emissions. Possibly cruise ship could also face stricter emissions in particular areas of the planet, since they travel worldwide and in some of the most fragile environments of the planet, like fjords and coral bays. Different operative and design measures to reduce carbon dioxide emissions are still under evaluation but switching to carbon neutral or zero-carbon fuels is one of the most promising ones. Different fuels would also enable to install different power generation systems onboard vessels, like fuel cells and gas turbines. All those innovative solutions will surely influence payload capacity and increase design and maintenance complexity. In recent years, fuel cells are gaining momentum because they can operate with different fuels, both fossil and renewable ones, and can bring to emissions reduction while also decreasing noise and vibration onboard. The scope of this work is to assess all potential fuels and power generation systems that can be employed now or in the near future onboard cruise ships. This analysis is outlined with a holistic approach, considering emissions for fuels production, thermal power generation emissions and impact of those new solution on cruise ship payload. Economics of each alternative design solution is also considered to ensure that alternative systems can be employed with current costs. This thesis provides a deep understanding of the complexity of carbon dioxide emission reduction topic for all vessels and particularly for cruise ships. The holistic approach applied to this analysis shows that technical solutions that can effectively reduce carbon dioxide emissions can bring to unsustainable economics, unless future technical developments in the future will bring to more sustainable costs. The need to pursue the lowest possible cost and the highest quantity of payload is bringing shipowners to consider systems that move carbon dioxide emissions in other moments of ship’s life cycle or that cause emissions currently not addressed by regulators, like methane slip from internal combustion engines. For this reason, a continuous and sincere dialogue between all stakeholders involved in shipping is necessary to identify best solutions both from environmental and economic perspectives: this work and the proposed simulation tool can be considered a strong base for this discussion.
17-mag-2023
TACCANI, RODOLFO
35
2021/2022
Settore ING-IND/09 - Sistemi per l'Energia e L'Ambiente
Università degli Studi di Trieste
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11368/3048158
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