Chemistry was first applied in the field of conservation in the 18th century. Currently, analytical chemistry plays a crucial role in the characterization of artistic and cultural heritage, as well as supporting archaeometric studies related to origin, dating and attribution. Ancient coins are important cultural heritage artifacts with high historical and artistic value. In order to obtain the maximum information about their composition, it is essential to combine different analytical techniques, both non-destructive and micro-destructive, with different sensitivities. In addition to alloying elements, attention must also be paid to the presence of minor elements (<0.1%), which are crucial for obtaining information about the origin of the primary metal, alloy alteration processes affecting the value of coins, changes in their production, degradation and corrosion processes, and the place of burial. The aim of this thesis is to explore the potential of analytical chemistry as applied to the study of ancient coins. This research presents various studies conducted on coin specimens from different historical periods, illustrating how choosing the right multi-analytical approach helps to answer the questions posed by historians, numismatists, and collectors. First, results obtained from non-destructive analysis (µ-XRF and ATR-FTIR) of the surface patina of six bronze coins from the Roman-Imperial period are presented. The combination of these two techniques allowed the classification of these coins into two distinct groups: those found in the archaeological excavations at Monte Cesén (Treviso) and a group preserved at the Museum of Natural History and Archaeology in Montebelluna (Treviso).The second part of the study involved the examination of 49 late antique gold solidi using both conventional laboratory techniques, such as µ-XRF, ICP-AES and ICP-MS, and techniques employing synchrotron radiation. Due to the availability of a gold standard, it was possible to determine the fineness of all 49 coins. In addition, trace elements were quantified, allowing hypotheses to be made about the origin of the gold used to strike the coins and where they were buried. Through the application of SR-XRF and SR-XANES, it was possible to distinguish the elements that constituted the surface concretions from those that constituted the original alloy and come to the conclusion that the burial site of the gold solidi was probably in the Mediterranean area.Analysis and cataloguing work was conducted on 160 silver-copper alloy coins minted during the Roman Empire. This study took advantage of the combined capabilities of µ-XRF, SEM-EDX, ICP-AES and ICP-MS to accurately identify and quantify alloy percentages and major trace elements. The difference between the two currencies was evident from the different percentages of silver and copper in these specimens. A noticeable decrease in silver content was noted as the year of mintage increased, highlighting the progression of the economic crisis of the third century, culminating in 215 AD with the introduction of the antoninianus.Finally, a study was conducted on 29 drachmas dating back to the Sasanian Dynasty (224-651 AD). An exclusively nondestructive analysis was performed using µ-XRF. Thanks to the availability of a sterling silver standard, it was possible to conduct a semi-quantitative analysis that provided information on the fineness of the coins. In addition, the ratios between the elements detected by the XRF spectra were calculated in order to obtain more information about the raw materials used in the coinage. In conclusion, the chemical analyses revealed a group of coins of exceptional quality, confirming the historical hypotheses.

Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di esplorare le potenzialità della chimica analitica applicata allo studio delle monete antiche. Questa ricerca presenta vari studi condotti su esemplari di monete di diversi periodi storici, illustrando come la scelta di un corretto approccio multi−analitico aiuti a rispondere alle domande poste da storici, numismatici e collezionisti. In primo luogo, vengono presentati i risultati ottenuti da un’analisi non distruttiva (µ‒XRF e ATR‒FTIR) della patina superficiale di sei monete di bronzo di epoca romano−imperiale. La combinazione di queste due tecniche ha permesso la classificazione di queste monete in due gruppi distinti: quelli rinvenuti negli scavi archeologici del Monte Cesén (Treviso) e un gruppo conservato presso il Museo di Storia Naturale e Archeologia di Montebelluna (Treviso). La seconda parte dello studio ha riguardato l’esame di 49 solidi d’oro tardo−antichi utilizzando sia tecniche di laboratorio convenzionali, come µ−XRF, ICP−AES e ICP−MS, che tecniche che impiegano la radiazione di sincrotrone. Grazie alla disponibilità di uno standard d’oro, è stato possibile determinare la finezza di tutte le 49 monete. Inoltre, sono stati quantificati gli elementi in traccia, consentendo di formulare ipotesi sull’origine dell’oro utilizzato per coniare le monete e sul luogo in cui sono state sepolte. Attraverso l’applicazione di SR−XRF e SR−XANES, è stato possibile distinguere gli elementi che costituivano le concrezioni superficiali da quelli che costituivano la lega originale e giungere alla conclusione che il luogo di sepoltura dei solidi d’oro si trovava probabilmente nell’area mediterranea. Un importante lavoro di analisi e catalogazione è stato condotto su 160 monete in lega argento−rame coniate durante l'Impero Romano. Questo studio ha sfruttato le capacità combinate di µ‒XRF, SEM‒EDX, ICP‒AES e ICP‒MS per identificare e quantificare con precisione le percentuali di lega e i principali elementi in traccia. La differenza fra le due valute è risultata evidente dalle diverse percentuali di argento e rame presenti in questi esemplari. Si è notata una notevole diminuzione del contenuto di argento all’aumentare dell’anno di coniazione, evidenziando la progressione della crisi economica del III secolo, culminata nel 215d.C. con l’introduzione dell’antoniniano. Infine, è stato condotto uno studio su 29 dracme risalenti alla dinastia Sasanide (224‒651d.C.). È stata eseguita un’analisi esclusivamente non distruttiva utilizzando la µ‒XRF. Sfruttando la disponibilità di uno standard di argento sterling, è stato possibile condurre un’analisi semi−quantitativa che ha fornito informazioni sulla finezza delle monete. Inoltre, sono stati calcolati i rapporti tra gli elementi rilevati dagli spettri XRF al fine di ottenere maggiori informazioni sulle materie prime utilizzate nella coniazione. In conclusione, le analisi chimiche hanno rivelato un gruppo di monete di qualità eccezionale, confermando le ipotesi storiche.

Approcci multi-analitici applicati allo studio di monete antiche / Marussi, Giovanna. - (2024 Mar 01).

Approcci multi-analitici applicati allo studio di monete antiche

MARUSSI, GIOVANNA
2024-03-01

Abstract

Chemistry was first applied in the field of conservation in the 18th century. Currently, analytical chemistry plays a crucial role in the characterization of artistic and cultural heritage, as well as supporting archaeometric studies related to origin, dating and attribution. Ancient coins are important cultural heritage artifacts with high historical and artistic value. In order to obtain the maximum information about their composition, it is essential to combine different analytical techniques, both non-destructive and micro-destructive, with different sensitivities. In addition to alloying elements, attention must also be paid to the presence of minor elements (<0.1%), which are crucial for obtaining information about the origin of the primary metal, alloy alteration processes affecting the value of coins, changes in their production, degradation and corrosion processes, and the place of burial. The aim of this thesis is to explore the potential of analytical chemistry as applied to the study of ancient coins. This research presents various studies conducted on coin specimens from different historical periods, illustrating how choosing the right multi-analytical approach helps to answer the questions posed by historians, numismatists, and collectors. First, results obtained from non-destructive analysis (µ-XRF and ATR-FTIR) of the surface patina of six bronze coins from the Roman-Imperial period are presented. The combination of these two techniques allowed the classification of these coins into two distinct groups: those found in the archaeological excavations at Monte Cesén (Treviso) and a group preserved at the Museum of Natural History and Archaeology in Montebelluna (Treviso).The second part of the study involved the examination of 49 late antique gold solidi using both conventional laboratory techniques, such as µ-XRF, ICP-AES and ICP-MS, and techniques employing synchrotron radiation. Due to the availability of a gold standard, it was possible to determine the fineness of all 49 coins. In addition, trace elements were quantified, allowing hypotheses to be made about the origin of the gold used to strike the coins and where they were buried. Through the application of SR-XRF and SR-XANES, it was possible to distinguish the elements that constituted the surface concretions from those that constituted the original alloy and come to the conclusion that the burial site of the gold solidi was probably in the Mediterranean area.Analysis and cataloguing work was conducted on 160 silver-copper alloy coins minted during the Roman Empire. This study took advantage of the combined capabilities of µ-XRF, SEM-EDX, ICP-AES and ICP-MS to accurately identify and quantify alloy percentages and major trace elements. The difference between the two currencies was evident from the different percentages of silver and copper in these specimens. A noticeable decrease in silver content was noted as the year of mintage increased, highlighting the progression of the economic crisis of the third century, culminating in 215 AD with the introduction of the antoninianus.Finally, a study was conducted on 29 drachmas dating back to the Sasanian Dynasty (224-651 AD). An exclusively nondestructive analysis was performed using µ-XRF. Thanks to the availability of a sterling silver standard, it was possible to conduct a semi-quantitative analysis that provided information on the fineness of the coins. In addition, the ratios between the elements detected by the XRF spectra were calculated in order to obtain more information about the raw materials used in the coinage. In conclusion, the chemical analyses revealed a group of coins of exceptional quality, confirming the historical hypotheses.
1-mar-2024
ADAMI, GIANPIERO
36
2022/2023
Settore CHIM/01 - Chimica Analitica
Università degli Studi di Trieste
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11368/3070422
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