Better safe than sorry: the unexpected drought tolerance of a wetland plant (Cyperus alternifolius L.)

A common assumption of plant hydraulic physiology is that high hydraulic efficiency must come at the cost of hydraulic safety, generating a trade-off that raises doubts about the possibility of selecting both productive and drought-tolerant herbaceous crops. Wetland plants typically display high productivity, which requires high hydraulic efficiency to sustain transpiration rates coupled to CO2 uptake. Previous studies have suggested high vulnerability to xylem embolism of different wetland plants, in line with expected trade-offs. However, some hygrophytes like Cyperus alternifolius L. can also experience prolonged periods of low water levels leading to substantial drought stress. We conducted an in-depth investigation of this species' hydraulic safety and efficiency by combining gas exchange measurements, hydraulic measurements of leaf hydraulic efficiency and safety, optical measurements of xylem vulnerability to embolism, and determination of cell turgor changes under drought. Our data confirm the high hydraulic efficiency of this wetland species, but at the same time, reveal its surprising drought tolerance in terms of turgor loss point and critical water potential values inducing xylem embolism and hydraulic failure, which were well below values inducing turgor loss and full stomatal closure. C. alternifolius emerges as a highly productive plant that is also well-equipped to tolerate drought via a combination of early stomatal closure and delayed onset of hydraulic damage. The species might represent a model plant to develop crops combining two of the most desirable traits in cultivated plants, i.e., high yield and significant drought tolerance.